tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41339412303714788202024-03-27T14:41:57.789+05:30Atlearner: Learn Science & TechnologyWelcome to Atlearner - A free online article resource for beginners and advanced students on all aspects of science and technology.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger99125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-3252224233153784832024-02-22T15:55:00.003+05:302024-02-26T19:59:53.738+05:30What is Electrical Power? Definition, Formulas, Units And Dimensions<div>All of us know how electricity plays a very important role in our day-to-day lives. In this world of electricity, all is a play of electrical energy. This electrical energy causes electrical power. Whenever this electrical energy flows (or electric current flows) it does some <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Define-work.html" target="_blank">work</a>. The rate at which work is done due to this electrical energy is known as <b>electrical power</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMX15qsnNQ-Im6kXGO67J3w5ftfn03OKDgo8LIT2oR3bQt0sJqF1MBWQiWJnw_P9nK0BEJ5fRsHzzi6S37qDCpJvtgNTZLLGYvZY-jiDTi4Asce3SyRxUO30MwKhbR1zBsx4HY1yTaPcw1VkVx8I3IwWBM_9naEtBG1bruuefXBC60_jXT_ZrLcsHWvs4/s1280/What%20is%20Electrical%20Power.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Electrical Power? Definition, Formulas, Units And Dimensions" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMX15qsnNQ-Im6kXGO67J3w5ftfn03OKDgo8LIT2oR3bQt0sJqF1MBWQiWJnw_P9nK0BEJ5fRsHzzi6S37qDCpJvtgNTZLLGYvZY-jiDTi4Asce3SyRxUO30MwKhbR1zBsx4HY1yTaPcw1VkVx8I3IwWBM_9naEtBG1bruuefXBC60_jXT_ZrLcsHWvs4/w640-h360/What%20is%20Electrical%20Power.png" title="What is Electrical Power? Definition, Formulas, Units And Dimensions" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>So in today's lesson, we are going to explore this electrical power, how it is defined in <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/04/what-is-physics.html" target="_blank">physics</a>, its mathematical expression, units, and <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/12/dimensions-of-physical-quantities.html" target="_blank">dimensions</a>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span></span></div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Electrical Power?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div>We generally know that power is the rate at which work is done. When this work is done in an electrical circuit with respect to time, it is called electrical power.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>This electrical power depends on two main factors. These factors are:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. The <b>electric current (I)</b> passes through the electrical circuit.</div><div>2. The <b>potential difference/voltage (V)</b> across the two ends of the electrical circuit.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Actually, if a source of voltage V sends a current I through a circuit for time t, then the electrical work done in that circuit is W = VIt.</div><div><br /></div><div>As we see</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?%20Electrical\;Power\;(P)=\frac{Electrical\;Work\;(W)}{Time\;(t)}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Therefore electrical power</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?%20P=\frac{VIt}{t}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?Or\;P=VI" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?i.e\;Electric\;Power=Voltage\;\times%20Electrical\;Current" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>This is the formula to find electrical power in an electric circuit. Now to solve various problems or easily memorize this formula you can use this <b>electrical power triangle</b> shown below.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg2LV-xlC2E98CGnsBJYsGOUFrFA4R5sHSnt1anAuLGLoha0k3W_rgiIdgfKZ8imNz57rcJNJBVAiIvFmhI0bHbuSc-5RBxF4jX0JKmihrg0bXAqq-pLEMKSWsxbdBsSzI_Uw7kvhbpY2HZquA1Pa7uLIM1Lb4oyvrYppsiIp-THit1UukWaqBnwLrm1U/s1243/Electrical%20Power.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Electrical Power? Definition, Formulas, Units And Dimensions" border="0" data-original-height="444" data-original-width="1243" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg2LV-xlC2E98CGnsBJYsGOUFrFA4R5sHSnt1anAuLGLoha0k3W_rgiIdgfKZ8imNz57rcJNJBVAiIvFmhI0bHbuSc-5RBxF4jX0JKmihrg0bXAqq-pLEMKSWsxbdBsSzI_Uw7kvhbpY2HZquA1Pa7uLIM1Lb4oyvrYppsiIp-THit1UukWaqBnwLrm1U/w640-h228/Electrical%20Power.png" title="What is Electrical Power? Definition, Formulas, Units And Dimensions" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>We can derive another formula for electrical power by using <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>As we know from Ohm's law V = IR, where R is the resistance.</div><div><br /></div><div>Now if we substitute the value of the voltage into the power formula then we get</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?P=I\times%20R\times%20I" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?Or\;P=I^{2}R" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?i.e\;Power=(Current)^{2}\times%20Resistance" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Units of Electrical Power</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>The SI unit of electric power is <b>Joule per second (J/s)</b> or <b>Watt (W)</b> and the CGS unit of electric power is <b>Erg per second (erg/s)</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div>As we know</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?%20Electrical\;Power\;(P)=\frac{Electrical\;Work\;(W)}{Time\;(t)}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?\therefore\;1\;Watt=\frac{1\;Joul}{1\;Second}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>1 Watt:</b> 1 watt is the measure of electrical power of an appliance which consumes energy at the rate of 1 joule in 1 second.</div><div><br /></div><div>Larger units like kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW) are often used for more significant power levels.</div><div><br /></div><div>You must know - 1 kW = 10³ W, 1 MW = 10⁶ W</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Dimensions of Electrical Power</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>The dimension of electrical work is [ML²T⁻²] and the dimension of time is [T].</div><div><br /></div><div><div>As we know</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?%20Electrical\;Power\;(P)=\frac{Electrical\;Work\;(W)}{Time\;(t)}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Therefore the dimension of electrical power = [ML²T⁻²][T⁻¹] = ML²T⁻³.</div>
<div><br /></div><div>Continue Reading...</div><div><br /></div>
<div><div class="tvtags"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank">Charge</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank">Current</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank">Voltage</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistance</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistor</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank">Types of resistors</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank">Resistor color code</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank">EMF</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank">Cell</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank">Battery</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank">Alternating current (AC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank">Direct current (DC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank">Short circuit</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank">Types of wires</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank">Ammeter</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Electrical-power.html" target="_blank">Electric power</a>
<a href="#" target="_blank">kWh</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank">Electric fuse</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank">Circuit breaker</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/search/label/Current%20Electricity?&max-results=5" target="_blank">More...</a></span></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div></div><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-83200632229540059722024-02-21T18:01:00.001+05:302024-02-22T12:39:16.992+05:30What Is Work? Definition, Formulas, and Units<div><div>We use the word work in our everyday language to refer to some form of exertion. It may be physical or mental or at times for various activities, such as a farmer plowing the field, a construction worker carrying bricks, a student studying for a competitive examination, or an artist painting a beautiful landscape, all are said to be working. </div><div><br /></div><div>But in physics, the word "<b>work</b>" covers a definite and precise meaning. In today's lesson, we are going to discuss how physics defines the term work.</div><div><br /></div><div>Somebody, who can work for 14 to 16 hours a day is said to have a large stamina or energy. We admire a long-distance runner for his/her stamina or energy. Thus energy is our capacity to do work.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX3v-ZgYB7YK2RhKnHf7m9y4963Si3y6DHjOyjon4vseMBzO3cuve4wK_D3WNMwnuHNWf15gLlwtN6oRhG-5_JtRMfCCbLSDqhJWvAEQ9PM0rhyMvVA7KAqTM6bVCi3NYY9QvVZh83LTy3580Vn35ztte4kDfsNY2Fz3dBQXUSoeFntRXxeXVqZp6M9Lg/s1290/What%20is%20work.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What Is Work? Definition, Formulas, and Units" border="0" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="1290" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX3v-ZgYB7YK2RhKnHf7m9y4963Si3y6DHjOyjon4vseMBzO3cuve4wK_D3WNMwnuHNWf15gLlwtN6oRhG-5_JtRMfCCbLSDqhJWvAEQ9PM0rhyMvVA7KAqTM6bVCi3NYY9QvVZh83LTy3580Vn35ztte4kDfsNY2Fz3dBQXUSoeFntRXxeXVqZp6M9Lg/w640-h252/What%20is%20work.png" title="What Is Work? Definition, Formulas, and Units" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>In Physics too the term energy is related to work in this sense but as we said the term work itself, is defined much more precisely. So in today's lesson, we explore <b>what is work</b>.</div><div><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What Is Work?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div>In Physics, the term work is used in relation to the <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/09/distance-and-displacement.html" target="_blank">displacement</a> produced by the <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/02/what-is-force.html" target="_blank">forc</a>e. The work is said to be done only when a body moves under the influence of a force. If there is no motion produced in the body even when a force acts on it the work done is said to be zero. </div><div><br /></div><div>So work is said to be done only when the force applied on a body makes the body move, that is there is a displacement of the body. Let's understand, with an example. </div><div><br /></div><div>Consider a constant force F, acting on an object of mass m. The object undergoes a displacement d, in the positive x-direction, as shown in the picture below</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYspKjBKN-mAg3G6LiHBsAItGaYTaT6PePLHekl-_jmpUAMQ8q5lGRumWkWMdLDKwFV7GW_LU5VRuAc-dm9cNvDxkuGGnV3GWoCxHSVd8C_CoFf6RXccEcyW4TpsUogHuDDTS2COyodCIktX1Xjz4BM6CRcINglt7Z-IsmFhyphenhyphen3nuFrDV-ZcCJ1UxHT0e4/s628/Formula%20of%20work.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What Is Work? Definition, Formulas, and Units" border="0" data-original-height="190" data-original-width="628" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYspKjBKN-mAg3G6LiHBsAItGaYTaT6PePLHekl-_jmpUAMQ8q5lGRumWkWMdLDKwFV7GW_LU5VRuAc-dm9cNvDxkuGGnV3GWoCxHSVd8C_CoFf6RXccEcyW4TpsUogHuDDTS2COyodCIktX1Xjz4BM6CRcINglt7Z-IsmFhyphenhyphen3nuFrDV-ZcCJ1UxHT0e4/w400-h121/Formula%20of%20work.png" title="What Is Work? Definition, Formulas, and Units" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>The formula for the work done by the force,</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?%20W=F\times%20d" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Now we see that if there is no displacement no work is done even if the force is large.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thus, when you push hard against a rigid brick wall the force you exert on the wall does no work. Yet your muscles are alternatively contracting and relaxing and internal energy is being used up and you do get tired.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thus, the meaning of work in physics is different from its usage in everyday language. <span><a name='more'></a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Expression of Work</b></span></h2><div><div><br /></div><div>It is not always necessary that the force causes displacement of the body in the direction of the force. If under some circumstances a force produces displacement in the body in a direction other than the direction of force, then to determine the amount of work done by the force we have to find the component of displacement of the body in the direction of the force.</div><div><br /></div><div>So let us consider a constant force F acts on a body along AB and it displaces the body on an inclined surface such that the point of application of the force moves from A to C.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyno7YHEqUip_KVMlnSjSrfH0KEop4wn2EyczceHlUpxCcEuLNntZJ1j21sjFs3GHJGO7YwpLOwe748ZUD0URlY88b7S_e2KfuzXZaG3g3FpmT8iiyOZ3XLC7h3z_esKZ2Gg3t6G-UL2YoqqnvpKr59mGJtPi1FnaDA7WvUtZhyCet8WVu3t_OkhxICBg/s584/Expression%20of%20work.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What Is Work? Definition, Formulas, and Units" border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="584" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyno7YHEqUip_KVMlnSjSrfH0KEop4wn2EyczceHlUpxCcEuLNntZJ1j21sjFs3GHJGO7YwpLOwe748ZUD0URlY88b7S_e2KfuzXZaG3g3FpmT8iiyOZ3XLC7h3z_esKZ2Gg3t6G-UL2YoqqnvpKr59mGJtPi1FnaDA7WvUtZhyCet8WVu3t_OkhxICBg/w400-h217/Expression%20of%20work.png" title="What Is Work? Definition, Formulas, and Units" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>The displacement of the body AC is equal to small d, which is at an angle θ to the direction of force. In order to calculate the work done by force F we have to find the component of the displacement in the direction of the force.</div><div><br /></div><div>For that, a perpendicular CB is drawn from C on AB. Then the component of displacement in the direction of force is equal to AB.</div><div><br /></div><div>Hence work done <i>W = F × AB</i></div><div><br /></div><div>But in the right-angled triangle ABC, cosθ = base/hypotenuse, or AB/AC. </div><div><br /></div><div>Since AC = d, AB = dcosθ</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?\therefore%20W=F\times%20dcos\theta" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>This is the expression of work due to a constant force where the direction of the applied force makes an angle of θ with the direction of the displacement.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Special Cases:</div><div><br /></div><div><b><u>Case 1</u></b></div><div><br /></div><div>If the displacement is in the direction of force i.e. θ = 0°, then cos 0° = 1. </div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?\therefore%20W=F\times%20d" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Here, the work done is maximum and positive. </div><div><br /></div><div>Example: </div><div><br /></div><div>In the free fall of a body of mass m under gravity through a height h from A to B the force of gravity (<i>F = mg)</i> is in the direction of displacement and the work done by the force of gravity is W = F <i style="text-align: center;">×</i> d = mgh.</div><div><br /></div><div><b><u>Case 2</u></b></div><div><br /></div><div>If the displacement is normal to the direction of force i.e. θ = 90°, then cos 90° = 0.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>∴ W = 0</i></div><div><br /></div><div>Hence the work done is zero.</div><div><br /></div><div>Example: </div><div><br /></div><div>When a coolie carrying some load on his head moves no work is done against the force of gravity because the displacement of the load being horizontal is normal to the direction of the force of gravity. although coolie does work against the force of friction when he moves with it.</div><div><br /></div><div>So from these discussions, it is very clear that the amount of work done by a force is zero in the following two situations.</div><div><br /></div><div>Number 1: When there is no displacement i.e d = 0 and </div><div>Number 2: When the displacement is normal, to the direction of the force, i.e. θ = 90°.</div><div><br /></div><div><b><u>Case 3</u></b></div><div><br /></div><div>If the displacement is in a direction opposite to the force i.e. θ = 180 °, then cos 180° = -1.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?\therefore%20W=-F\times%20d" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Here the work done is negative. This is usually the case when the force opposes the motion or it tries to stop a moving body.</div><div><br /></div><div>Example:</div><div><br /></div><div>When a body moves on a surface, the force of friction between the body and the surface is in the direction opposite to the motion of the body. So the work done by the force of friction is negative.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Work Done by a Variable Force</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>The expression for work we saw earlier is only for constant forces. But a constant force is rare it is the variable force that we usually encounter most of the time. </div><div><br /></div><div>So, let's take a look at the expression for the work done by a variable force. The curved line in the graph shows a varying force in one dimension. </div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcT35w9DXJ3mECfwIHJrnrTNb3TA3nLKsM4zlLrgkn61NwEYAX5u8gF7n4Vbts9LZrUObbO8RxwYQxYCTG2E0lxYd9IGBNQ_V7l5eT7P7h-g-7GLdG-VJE415_oNahvrSv-QAvKjzX4Bzw7ITlFtQQFURuVbnK78GZcqau5zb4ZIDeZreuJO0T23Y2xx0/s672/Work%20Done%20by%20a%20Variable%20Force.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What Is Work? Definition, Formulas, and Units" border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="672" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcT35w9DXJ3mECfwIHJrnrTNb3TA3nLKsM4zlLrgkn61NwEYAX5u8gF7n4Vbts9LZrUObbO8RxwYQxYCTG2E0lxYd9IGBNQ_V7l5eT7P7h-g-7GLdG-VJE415_oNahvrSv-QAvKjzX4Bzw7ITlFtQQFURuVbnK78GZcqau5zb4ZIDeZreuJO0T23Y2xx0/w400-h166/Work%20Done%20by%20a%20Variable%20Force.png" title="What Is Work? Definition, Formulas, and Units" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Now if the displacement ∆x is small we can take the force F(x) as approximately constant. Then the work done</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?\Delta%20W=F(x)\Delta%20x" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Now adding these successive rectangular areas in the picture we get the total work done as </div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?W\approx\int_{x_{i}}^{x_{f}}F(x)\Delta%20x" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Where the summation is from the initial position x<span style="font-size: xx-small;">i</span> to the final position x<span style="font-size: xx-small;">f</span>.</div><div><br /></div><div>If the displacements are allowed to approach zero then the number of terms in the sum increases without limit but the sum approaches a definite value equal to the area under the curve.</div><div><br /></div><div>Then the work done</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?W=\displaystyle\lim_{\to%200}\sum_{X_{i}}^{x_{f}}F(x)\Delta%20x" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Where limit stands for the limit of the sum when ∆x → 0.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thus for a varying force, the work done can be expressed as a definite integral of force over displacement. This is the expression of the work done by a variable force.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Units of Work</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>The SI unit of work is joule.</div><div><br /></div><div>Since Work = Force × displacement.</div><div><br /></div><div>Therefore 1 joule = 1 newton × 1 meter</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Joule: 1 joule of work is said to be done when a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 meter in its own direction.</div><div><br /></div><div>The CGS unit of work is Erg. </div><div><br /></div><div><div>Since Work = Force × displacement.</div><div><br /></div><div>Therefore 1 joule = 1 dyne × 1 centimeter</div></div><div><br /></div><div>1 Erg: 1 Erg of work is said to be done when a force of 1 dyne displaces a body through a distance of 1 centimeter in its own direction.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Dimension of Work</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>The dimension of work = the dimension of force × the dimension of displacement</div><div><br /></div><div>The dimension of force = [MLT⁻²] and the dimension of displacement = [L]</div><div><br /></div><div>Thus the dimension of work = ML²T⁻²</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-61724630763120466692024-02-17T14:30:00.006+05:302024-02-21T18:00:59.868+05:30How Eliminating Paper Clutter Boosts Your Workflow?<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>How Eliminating Paper Clutter Boosts Your Workflow?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div>Paper Clutter Boosts Your Workflow, it is less complicated than ever to accumulate piles of paper litter even realizing it. From published emails and reports to notes jotted down on sticky pads, paper muddles can fast take over our workspaces. but clearing out and organizing all that paper litter can offer sudden benefits. </div><div><br /></div><div>Removing paper litter helps streamline workflows, raise productivity, reduce stress, and create a greater inspiring painting environment. study directly to learn the way creating a dependency of clearing paper litter can provide your workflow and average mindset a clean boost.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qY3QRAv7EXJPcI3gy8xI-PlFNrePAVPjcwmyb9n83klgz7l2EdNArUPEZKDsFymDaG5ZZbFVh4vBSRlQAWEZMyhro3G0kGc3swP5MZuMRfIjGGNx3eP8ZfqH96u4L_05bRzgq4xjnl1FuvqG14BcUgg6MaGVNU1pnY7yEf6CHinzHclO05gP_JcQRW4/s1280/Paper%20Clutter.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How Eliminating Paper Clutter Boosts Your Workflow?" border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qY3QRAv7EXJPcI3gy8xI-PlFNrePAVPjcwmyb9n83klgz7l2EdNArUPEZKDsFymDaG5ZZbFVh4vBSRlQAWEZMyhro3G0kGc3swP5MZuMRfIjGGNx3eP8ZfqH96u4L_05bRzgq4xjnl1FuvqG14BcUgg6MaGVNU1pnY7yEf6CHinzHclO05gP_JcQRW4/w640-h426/Paper%20Clutter.jpg" title="How Eliminating Paper Clutter Boosts Your Workflow?" width="640" /></a></div><div><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>How Paper Clutter Accumulates In The Workplace?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Paper clutter often accumulates gradually in workspaces. Even in our digital world, many documents and tasks still involve paper. Printed emails, reports, forms, notes, and reminders stack up on desks, crowd shelves, and overflow from drawers.</div><div><br /></div><div>Well-meaning efforts to "save that for later" or hold onto things "just in case" also contribute to paper clutter. Outdated files and unnecessary printouts linger without being shredded or recycled. Over time, important current documents and tasks get buried under this outdated paper clutter.</div><div><br /></div><div>Paper garage regions like submitting cabinets, drawers, and cabinets reach ability, yet more paper is maintained to build up. Disorganization makes papers hard to discover while needed, main to frustration. The sheer quantity of paper clutter in a workspace can be mentally draining and demotivating.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Free Paper Shredding Events Offer Fresh Starts</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>To clear out accumulated paper clutter, take advantage of community Free Paper Shredding Events. Many organizations like banks and community groups will periodically sponsor Free Paper Shredding Events as a public service. At these events, participants can bring boxes of documents for secure shredding and recycling at no cost.</div><div><br /></div><div>Bank Shredding Events Near Me are win-win-win solutions. They allow community members to securely dispose of unneeded documents and declutter. Shredding enables save your identification robbery from files tossed inside the trash. All the paper gets recycled in preference of dumped in landfills.</div><div><br /></div><div>Attending a Free Paper Shredding Event gives you the license to ruthlessly purge old, unnecessary papers. Watching it disappear into the shredding truck can feel wonderfully freeing. Use the fresh start as motivation to continue decluttering and organizing your workspace. Establish new habits like dealing with paperwork promptly and regularly clearing out unneeded documents.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Too Much Paper Clutter Harms Productivity And Focus</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Excessive paper clutter drags down productivity and focuses in several ways. The visible distraction of cluttered papers is mentally fatiguing. Having to dig through piles to find what you want wastes precious time and interrupts workflows. important responsibilities and papers get buried and disregarded amidst the litter.</div><div><br /></div><div>Paper clutter additionally contributes to an overwhelming feeling of items being out of manipulation. This makes it hard to feel centered and clean-headed. Having to handle the same paper multiple times, like shuffling through unorganized piles, creates inefficiency. Unclear what has been handled or still needs action, important follow-up steps can be missed.</div><div><br /></div><div>The sheer quantity of paper muddle could make it seem like your to-do listing will by no means cease. This causes stress and makes it challenging to prioritize what's certainly essential. Excess paper and clutter obscure what is current and useful versus outdated and unnecessary. All of this makes it harder to work efficiently and focus on the most impactful tasks.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Steps To Organize Paperwork And Reclaim Your Workspace</b></span> </h2><div><br /></div><div>Here are some helpful steps for organizing paperwork and keeping your workspace free of excessive paper clutter:</div><div><br /></div><div>Sort through paperwork and separate it into action piles like to do, to file, to read, and to shred. This breaks the mass of clutter down into manageable categories.</div><div><br /></div><div>Schedule time on your calendar to process each action pile, so it does not sit indefinitely.</div><div><br /></div><div>Adopt the habit of dealing with each paper only once. Avoid setting it aside for later. Either act on it, file it or shred it immediately.</div><div><br /></div><div>Establish a simple but consistent filing system. For example, categorized folders for current projects and alphabetical files for reference materials. Purge outdated files regularly.</div><div><br /></div><div>Streamline document storage. Scan and back up important papers to free up filing space. Shred non-essential documentation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Limit paper input by going paperless when possible. Set printers to double-sided default.</div><div>Clear off surfaces completely at the end of each week. Remove clutter that has accumulated to reset your space.</div><div><br /></div><div>Set up an easy-to-access recycling bin and shredder to dispose of unneeded papers effortlessly.</div><div><br /></div><div>Following these habits will help you maintain an organized, decluttered workspace where you can work efficiently and focus effectively.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Conclusion</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Paper clutter easily invades modern workspaces, burying productivity under piles of disorganization. But by taking advantage of Free Paper Shredding Events and implementing organization systems, you can eliminate excess paperwork. </div><div><br /></div><div>With clear surfaces, accessible important documents, and established habits for promptly processing papers, your workflow will feel smoother, less stressful, and more focused. The benefits of decluttering and organizing your paperwork can enhance both your workspace and your mindset. So take control of paper clutter and reclaim your productivity today.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-76009348397427286062023-11-18T13:20:00.000+05:302023-11-18T13:20:36.476+05:30How Do I Edit Videos More Efficiently? [What Are Some Tips And Tricks To Edit Videos More Efficiently?]<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>How Do I Edit Videos More Efficiently?</b></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Editing videos efficiently is a valuable skill that allows you to optimize your workflow and achieve the goal of editing videos More Efficiently. Whether you're a professional editor or a novice creator, employing effective techniques and strategies can significantly enhance your productivity and save valuable time. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This article will provide insights, tips, and tools to help you streamline your video editing process, improve efficiency, and produce high-quality videos while focusing on the objective to professional video editing.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN5WHx_3gzBu6dZ1buCHkq7EYuhy1Bu8NoacOZpzUhZ2bjYrhoL_c95TQ620raggfgHjnvMOel_ihl3tquH1v2aJjpon1ZQ2QojeW6YV0FzI8jMvRKW45kdOeri6rJf0UkBJSZF7md4ghG68iz5-EfwKkO-16InaXybZuRwkwfntZ70NETpj9fObREov0/s1280/Video-editing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How Do I Edit Videos More Efficiently? [What Are Some Tips And Tricks To Edit Videos More Efficiently?]" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN5WHx_3gzBu6dZ1buCHkq7EYuhy1Bu8NoacOZpzUhZ2bjYrhoL_c95TQ620raggfgHjnvMOel_ihl3tquH1v2aJjpon1ZQ2QojeW6YV0FzI8jMvRKW45kdOeri6rJf0UkBJSZF7md4ghG68iz5-EfwKkO-16InaXybZuRwkwfntZ70NETpj9fObREov0/w640-h360/Video-editing.jpg" title="How Do I Edit Videos More Efficiently? [What Are Some Tips And Tricks To Edit Videos More Efficiently?]" width="640" /></a></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What Are Some Tips And Tricks To Edit Videos More Efficiently?</b></span></span></h2><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>To professional video editing, consider the following tips and tricks:</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Plan Your Edit:</b> Create a storyboard or outline to organize your footage and establish a clear vision for your video.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Utilize Keyboard Shortcuts:</b> Learn and utilize keyboard shortcuts to perform tasks quickly and avoid repetitive mouse clicks.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Trim and Cut Efficiently:</b> Use ripple edits, keyboard shortcuts, and trim tools to trim and cut clips precisely.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Organize Your Media:</b> Keep your media files organized in folders and use descriptive file names to easily locate specific assets.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Utilize Proxy Editing:</b> Generate lower-resolution proxy files for smoother playback and faster editing.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Use Presets and Templates:</b> Save time by using pre-built effects, transitions, and templates for consistent styling.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Utilize Automation:</b> Use automation tools like batch processing and scripting to automate repetitive tasks.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Master Your Editing Software:</b> Take time to learn the advanced features of your editing software to maximize efficiency.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Optimize System Performance:</b> Ensure your computer hardware is capable of handling video editing tasks smoothly.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Take Breaks and Rest:</b> Avoid burnout by taking regular breaks, which can help maintain focus and productivity.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">By implementing these tips and tricks, you can Edit Videos More Efficiently, save time, and enhance the overall quality of your video projects.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Are There Any Time-Saving Techniques For Video Editing?</b></span></span></h2><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes, there are several time-saving techniques you can utilize to Edit Videos More Efficiently. First, familiarize yourself with keyboard shortcuts for common editing tasks, such as trimming, splitting, and applying effects. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">By utilizing keyboard shortcuts, you can eliminate the need for manual mouse-clicking and significantly boost your workflow speed. Additionally, taking advantage of features like multicam editing in software options like <a href="https://www.webtechcoupons.com/bandicam-vs-camtasia/" target="_blank">Bandicam vs Camtasia</a> allows for simultaneous editing of multiple camera angles, saving valuable time during the editing process. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Another time-saving technique is batch processing, which enables you to apply changes or effects to multiple clips at once, streamlining repetitive tasks. To enhance editing efficiency, consider pre-rendering sections of your timeline or using proxy editing to improve playback performance. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Furthermore, organizing your media assets in a structured manner, using descriptive file names, and creating project templates can facilitate quick resource location and reuse, reducing time spent searching for files.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Finally, consider utilizing automation tools, such as presets and macros, to apply effects or perform repetitive actions with a single click, further boosting your efficiency. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">By incorporating these time-saving techniques into your video editing workflow, you can Edit Videos More Efficiently and accomplish more in less time.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>How Can I Increase My Productivity While Editing Videos?</b></span></span></h2><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">To increase productivity while editing videos and achieve the goal of professional video editing, there are several strategies you can implement. First, eliminate distractions by creating a dedicated workspace and setting specific time blocks for focused editing. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Prioritize your tasks by organizing your footage, creating a storyboard or outline, and identifying the key elements of your video. Utilize keyboard shortcuts and learn efficient editing techniques to speed up your workflow. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Consider using presets and templates for consistent styling and faster application of effects. Regularly save and back up your project to avoid losing progress. Take breaks and maintain a healthy work-life balance to prevent burnout and maintain long-term productivity. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Lastly, continuously improve your skills and stay updated with the latest editing techniques through online tutorials, courses, and networking with other editors. By implementing these strategies, you can increase your productivity while editing videos and Edit Videos More Efficiently.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Are There Any Recommended Keyboard Shortcuts For Faster Video Editing?</b></span></span></h2><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes, there are recommended keyboard shortcuts that can significantly speed up your video editing workflow and help you Edit Videos More Efficiently. Popular keyboard shortcuts include "I" and "O" for setting in and out points, "Ctrl/Cmd+C" and "Ctrl/Cmd+V" for copy and paste, and "Ctrl/Cmd+Z" for undoing actions. Learning and utilizing these shortcuts can greatly enhance your editing speed and productivity.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Are There Specific Tools Or Software That Can Help Me Edit Videos More Efficiently?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes, there are specific tools and software that can greatly assist you in the quest to professional video editing, Consider the following:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Non-Linear Editing Software:</b> Utilize professional editing software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro, or DaVinci Resolve, which offers a wide range of features and capabilities to streamline your editing process.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Keyboard Shortcut Editors:</b> Take advantage of tools like Keyboard Maestro (for Mac) or AutoHotkey (for Windows) to customize and create your own keyboard shortcuts, tailored to your editing workflow.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Workflow Management Tools:</b> Explore project management and collaboration tools like Trello, Asana, or Monday.com to stay organized, manage deadlines, and track progress efficiently.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Media Asset Management Systems:</b> Implement media asset management software such as Adobe Bridge or Avid Media Composer to organize and easily access your video files, saving time searching for specific assets.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Video Effects and Transition Libraries:</b> Utilize pre-built effects and transition libraries such as Red Giant Universe, Filmora Effects Store, or VideoHive to add creative elements to your videos quickly.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Automatic Transcription Services:</b> Consider using services like Rev.com or Descript to automatically transcribe your video's audio, making it easier to search for specific content within your footage.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Motion Graphics Templates:</b> Utilize motion graphics templates available in software like Adobe After Effects or Apple Motion to quickly add professional-grade titles, lower thirds, and animations to your videos.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Rendering and Encoding Tools:</b> Use dedicated rendering and encoding software like Adobe Media Encoder or HandBrake to process and export your videos faster and more efficiently.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Dedicated Hardware:</b> Consider investing in powerful hardware components such as faster CPUs, additional RAM, or SSDs to optimize your editing system's performance.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>AI-Powered Editing Tools:</b> Explore AI-powered editing tools like Lumen5 or Magisto, which can automate certain editing tasks like video trimming, text-to-speech conversion, or automatic video creation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">By leveraging these specific tools and software, you can significantly enhance your ability to Edit Videos More Efficiently and streamline your video editing workflow.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>How Can I Optimize My Workflow To Professional Video Editing?</b></span></span></h2><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">To Edit Videos More Efficiently, optimize your workflow by implementing these strategies: plan your edits, utilize keyboard shortcuts, organize files and assets, use presets and templates, batch process tasks, optimize hardware, and regularly back up your projects. Streamlining your workflow will help you work more efficiently and save time in the editing process.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What Are Some Common Mistakes To Avoid When Editing Videos To Improve Efficiency?</b></span></span></h2><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">To Edit Videos More Efficiently, it's important to avoid common mistakes that can hinder your workflow. The following are some essential reminders:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Lack of Planning:</b> Skipping proper planning can lead to disorganized footage and wasted editing time.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Overcomplicating Effects:</b> Avoid overusing complex effects that can slow down rendering and editing processes.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Poor File Organization:</b> Disorganized files make it difficult to locate and import footage efficiently.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Ignoring Keyboard Shortcuts:</b> Not utilizing keyboard shortcuts slows down the editing process and reduces efficiency.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Excessive Fine-Tuning</b>: Spending excessive time on minor adjustments can delay progress.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Inefficient Color Correction:</b> Incorrect color grading decisions can lead to additional corrections, consuming more time.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Overlapping Audio Tracks:</b> Cluttered audio tracks make it challenging to edit and synchronize sound efficiently.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Inadequate Backups:</b> Failing to backup project files regularly can result in significant data loss and wasted efforts.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Lack of Asset Reusability:</b> Not organizing and labeling assets properly makes it harder to reuse them in future projects.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Poor Communication:</b> Ineffective communication with clients or team members can lead to misunderstandings and revisions that delay the editing process.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">By avoiding these common mistakes, you can Edit Videos More Efficiently, save time, and achieve better results in your video editing endeavors.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-80787097133423450122023-10-06T16:12:00.006+05:302023-10-06T16:12:57.311+05:30What is Zener Diode? Zener Effect, Cherecteristic Curve, and Applications<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Zener Diode?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div><div>A <b>Zener diode</b> is a special type of <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/pn-junction-diode.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">semiconductor diode</span></a> that is designed to work in the reverse-biased mode. It is not like regular diodes, which allow current to flow in one direction only. Zener diodes are engineered to conduct in the reverse direction when a specific voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is applied. </div><div><br /></div><div>Once the voltage across the Zener diode reaches or exceeds its Zener voltage, it starts to conduct and allow current to flow in the reverse direction without getting damaged.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRpN4892haUeSt0aJTaarGoNJ_2OR_S2BVVYAB-f9Opl8dIxWqgjE3qp4oH9cA5yOw0P72ClEykg4E8hbVKaMI-cvHo9HNr1RMvtsGjftLfBDEAQWgPODdTpbD4ScLHqYgxA_XDl8F2wlD4H7O69pSsfWeIgyCxuTqM7GKqssShbMfU15TAyPoHUNLi60/s1280/Zener-diode.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Zener Diode? Zener Effect, Cherecteristic Curve, and Applications" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRpN4892haUeSt0aJTaarGoNJ_2OR_S2BVVYAB-f9Opl8dIxWqgjE3qp4oH9cA5yOw0P72ClEykg4E8hbVKaMI-cvHo9HNr1RMvtsGjftLfBDEAQWgPODdTpbD4ScLHqYgxA_XDl8F2wlD4H7O69pSsfWeIgyCxuTqM7GKqssShbMfU15TAyPoHUNLi60/w640-h360/Zener-diode.png" title="What is Zener Diode? Zener Effect, Cherecteristic Curve, and Applications" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Zener diodes are primarily used for voltage regulation and voltage reference purposes in electronic circuits. They maintain a constant voltage across their terminals. This characteristic makes them useful in applications where a stable voltage supply is necessary, such as power supplies, voltage regulators, and voltage reference circuits.</div><div><br /></div><div>Zener diodes are named after physicist <b>Clarence Zener</b>. He first discovered the <b>Zener effect</b>, which is the phenomenon that allows these diodes to operate as voltage regulators.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Actually when a typical semiconductor diode is reverse-biased, a very small amount of saturated reverse current flows through it due to the flow of minority carriers, i.e. thermal electrons and holes. This current is not at all dependent on the applied reverse bias voltage. </div><div><br /></div><div>However, when this reverse bias voltage exceeds a certain value, the reverse current suddenly increases very rapidly. This phenomenon is called semiconductor diode breakdown. This results in a rapid increase in the diode's power dissipation, i.e. the rate of heat generation, potentially damaging the diode.</div><div><br /></div><div>The tolerance of some specially prepared semiconductor diodes is increased so that high reverse current in reverse bias does not damage the diode i.e. it does not burn out.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Zener Effect?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>When the reverse bias voltage of a diode becomes high enough, electrons and holes are accelerated as minority carriers. Because of this high speed, they can break the bonds between semiconductor cells, resulting in the formation of new electron-hole pairs. </div><div><br /></div><div>They are also faster, so they can form more electron-hole pairs. Thus the number of charge carriers increases exponentially and the reverse diode current reaches very high values. This phenomenon is called <b>avalanche breakdown</b> and the diode is called an <b>avalanche diode</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div>If both parts of a semiconductor diode i.e. p-n junction are heavily doped, the thickness of the depletion region is greatly reduced. A very small reverse bias is then applied, but a very high electric field is generated between the two ends of the depletion region. </div><div><br /></div><div>This electric field directly breaks the bonds in the semiconductor cell and frees a large number of charge carriers within the cell. This results in diode distortion due to relatively low reverse bias voltage. That is, the diode reaches a reverse current multiplier state at a low constant breakdown voltage. This condition is called <b>Zener breakdown or Zener effect</b>. Such diodes are known as <b>Zener diodes</b>.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Characteristic Curve of Zener diode</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>The ampere-volt characteristic curve of the Zener diode in forward bias is similar to the characteristic curve of a typical semiconductor diode. But when the reverse bias voltage reaches a certain value (at Vz), the reverse current increases rapidly. There is no significant change in voltage.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnTg0RBnqXR8K5-pmpIfwBUMYXtdA8B3-Oj1msgKiGlCUmIYOx93Y2Jp6dvW1zwsMdX-kkbuYZoi-ETWrqSPi0xw6g8CBZOWZzFtyr7vT8pcELBXZM8gl-wEdQyIdnpZMHDOonRFdCuqCwVGtRuYg-R4vyNwZUuqvqbIYvvYlimc2Zn8fKY8qea3b5qe0/s507/Zener-diode-I-V-characteristics-curve.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Zener Diode? Zener Effect, Cherecteristic Curve, and Applications" border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="507" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnTg0RBnqXR8K5-pmpIfwBUMYXtdA8B3-Oj1msgKiGlCUmIYOx93Y2Jp6dvW1zwsMdX-kkbuYZoi-ETWrqSPi0xw6g8CBZOWZzFtyr7vT8pcELBXZM8gl-wEdQyIdnpZMHDOonRFdCuqCwVGtRuYg-R4vyNwZUuqvqbIYvvYlimc2Zn8fKY8qea3b5qe0/w640-h488/Zener-diode-I-V-characteristics-curve.png" title="What is Zener Diode? Zener Effect, Cherecteristic Curve, and Applications" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>This part of the characteristic is roughly indicated by a vertical line. In an ideal Zener diode, the increase in voltage is zero as the current increases. In real cases, this increase is between 1% and 5%.</div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Circuit Symbol of Zener Diode</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>A Zener diode is represented by a regular diode symbol with two additional lines at its ends, forming a kind of "z" shape. These lines indicate that the diode can conduct in both the forward and reverse directions when the voltage across it reaches the Zener voltage.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidPPqTEhZFUEGGev3ufD_XC4pQXc76ZJBze_svRlp8sJiardDb9OEDEWi_2ivd5fDiwUWw_krrv81ZYnw_TzK_o_9tXBXmD29U3Z40pqgoh1UWmG1Pv8GjqGd6M1-wh17FyRpmwi12pFnW9xVUmBfTab0dSnD-5pCu9ofmvr8V9mId9hhu5ZCG5aTue7Q/s1280/Zener-diode-symbol.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Zener Diode? Zener Effect, Cherecteristic Curve, and Applications" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidPPqTEhZFUEGGev3ufD_XC4pQXc76ZJBze_svRlp8sJiardDb9OEDEWi_2ivd5fDiwUWw_krrv81ZYnw_TzK_o_9tXBXmD29U3Z40pqgoh1UWmG1Pv8GjqGd6M1-wh17FyRpmwi12pFnW9xVUmBfTab0dSnD-5pCu9ofmvr8V9mId9hhu5ZCG5aTue7Q/w640-h360/Zener-diode-symbol.png" title="What is Zener Diode? Zener Effect, Cherecteristic Curve, and Applications" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>In this symbol, the arrow represents the direction of conventional current flow, just like in a regular diode. The "z" shape lines indicate that the diode can conduct in both directions when the voltage reaches or exceeds the Zener voltage.</div><div><br /></div><div>Remember, the Zener diode symbol looks like a regular diode but with those extra lines, showing its special ability to regulate voltage in electronic circuits.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Applications of Zener diode</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>Here are some common applications of Zener diodes:</div><div><br /></div><div><b>1. Voltage Regulation:</b> Zener diodes are widely used for voltage regulation in electronic circuits. They maintain a stable output voltage despite fluctuations in input voltage and ensure the connected components receive a consistent power supply.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>2. Voltage Shifting:</b> Zener diodes are employed in voltage-shifting circuits. By combining them with other components, Zener diodes can shift the voltage levels of signals and make them compatible with different parts of a circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>3. Overvoltage Protection:</b> Zener diodes act as protectors in electronic circuits. When the voltage across them exceeds a certain threshold, they conduct heavily, diverting excess current and preventing damage to sensitive components by limiting the voltage levels.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>4. Waveform Clipping:</b> Zener diodes are used to clip or limit the amplitude of alternating current (AC) waveforms. By allowing only voltages above or below a certain level to pass through, Zener diodes shape the waveform according to the desired specifications.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>5. Temperature Sensing:</b> Zener diodes exhibit a stable voltage drop with temperature variations. This property is utilized in temperature-sensitive applications. By measuring the voltage across a Zener diode, changes in temperature can be accurately monitored This enables them to create temperature-sensitive control systems.</div></div><div><br /></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-27415381228190646832023-10-03T17:02:00.003+05:302023-10-06T14:10:18.558+05:30What is Optical Fiber? Structure, Working and Applications<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Optical Fiber?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div>Light travels along straight lines. But by exploiting total internal reflection, the light can also be sent virtually along the lightning path. </div><div><br /></div><div>For example, it is possible to send light rays from one place to another through optical fibers made of bent glass, quartz, plastic, or fiber, by repeated total internal reflection.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4QgP9B_DEE5cvXCPx63rs5KT1SoB951PAfwzly6rXOr7oP_5vA6PQCYirkNS4-pQSi9VDetHwWUkiFEadLxOKOTdLcZgUTZ6G7KJIn9h-UJOmtripYpjZlm6tzRC33-VMDwnR7GNaSHO-mwj4W10d32VoHs-4zX1pjl9wwfMJfLkAOrlFiFJgpt1Frc4/s1280/Optical-fiber.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Optical Fiber? Structure, Working and Applications" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4QgP9B_DEE5cvXCPx63rs5KT1SoB951PAfwzly6rXOr7oP_5vA6PQCYirkNS4-pQSi9VDetHwWUkiFEadLxOKOTdLcZgUTZ6G7KJIn9h-UJOmtripYpjZlm6tzRC33-VMDwnR7GNaSHO-mwj4W10d32VoHs-4zX1pjl9wwfMJfLkAOrlFiFJgpt1Frc4/w640-h360/Optical-fiber.png" title="What is Optical Fiber? Structure, Working and Applications" width="640" /></a></div><div>Just as water can be sent from one place to another with the help of pipes, light rays can also be sent from one place to another with the help of fibers. For this reason, the fiber is commonly known as light pipe.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Structure and Working of Optical Fiber</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Optical fibers are long and very narrow tube-like. Their diameter is about 10 × 10⁻⁶m. The inner part of this tube is called the core. This core carries light from one place to another.</div><div><br /></div><div>The core is coated with a material having a lower refractive index than the core. This coating</div><div>is called Cladding. When a beam of light is incident on one end of a fiber, the light beam enters the fiber through that end.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLdHgnoLDox90m9x5VWE2a_DWp28wUV6DZWsPQ-7t7zlwyFdi4LoZy_T41WZjuBK_xSLSJ-3h-SD4eCpfTq3iQBl_zjw7vHWTq8ZkUBPGYDNhEIJey5OlmXSKoTqzDB7nfwBrue4ZW5wQbfZH3MJWp9_SLG6gr-kNHOoqDMfhHQlh_WxHcBaZu4JeP0vg/s1280/Optical-fiber-working.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Optical Fiber? Structure, Working and Applications" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLdHgnoLDox90m9x5VWE2a_DWp28wUV6DZWsPQ-7t7zlwyFdi4LoZy_T41WZjuBK_xSLSJ-3h-SD4eCpfTq3iQBl_zjw7vHWTq8ZkUBPGYDNhEIJey5OlmXSKoTqzDB7nfwBrue4ZW5wQbfZH3MJWp9_SLG6gr-kNHOoqDMfhHQlh_WxHcBaZu4JeP0vg/w640-h360/Optical-fiber-working.png" title="What is Optical Fiber? Structure, Working and Applications" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Then, the light beam is fully reflected from the interface of the core and cladding to remain in the cladding and exits the other end of the fiber. Since the light is completely reflected inside the fiber, the intensity of the light is reduced.</div><div><br /></div><div>A large object cannot be reflected by a single fiber. In that case, a bundle of fiber or cable of fiber is used. A single wire can have about 1000 fibers. The reflection of an object is focused at one end of the fiber bundle.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Uses of Optical Fibers</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Currently, optical fibers are used in various ways in the medical field and communication systems.</div><div><br /></div><div>(i) Cameras made of fiber bundles are used to see the parts of the human body that cannot be seen directly. It is used to see the inside of blood vessels, lungs, and other hollow body organs without surgery.</div><div> </div><div>(ii) Diagnosis often requires a collection of samples from internal parts of the human body. Optical fibers are used in this work. </div><div><br /></div><div>Also, this fiber is used to perform surgery on the inner part of the body. As a result, the outer part of the body does not need to be enlarged in many cases.</div><div><br /></div><div>(iii) These fibers are used to send high-powered laser beams inside the body for treatment.</div><div><br /></div><div>(iv) Fiber is used to send signals from a place to a long distance. This signal is mainly a digital signal. The signal carries information that is used in telephone, TV, fax, computer, etc. equipment. Also, it is possible to send different digital signals through the same fiber at the same time.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Advantages of Using Optical Fiber</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Low Signal Loss:</b> Optical fibers maintain signal integrity over long distances, minimizing signal loss significantly.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>High Bandwidth:</b> These fibers can transmit a vast amount of data simultaneously, accommodating the increasing demands of modern digital communication.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Electromagnetic Resilience:</b> Fiber optics are very resilient to electromagnetic interference, ensuring stable signal transmission even in electrically noisy environments.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Lightweight and Flexible:</b> Optical fibers are lightweight and highly flexible, making them suitable for various installations and applications.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Secure Communication:</b> Fiber optic signals are challenging to intercept, enhancing the security of data transmission.</div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-70854161678424008552023-09-07T14:26:00.003+05:302023-09-07T14:58:07.558+05:30What is Polarization of Light? Explained<div><b>Polarization of light</b> is a fascinating phenomenon in optics that reveals the wave nature of light. Like other phenomena such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, dispersion, interference, and scattering, polarization is also an important topic for discussion in the world of optics. </div><div><br /></div><div>In this blog post, we will delve into the concept of polarization, its various types, the role of polarizers and analyzers, the significance of Polaroids, and the methods used to achieve polarization. So let's explore the world of Polarization of light.</div><div><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Polarization of Light?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div><b>Definition:</b> Polarization of light is a phenomenon of restricting the vibration of the electric field vector of a light wave along a specific axis on a plane perpendicular to the direction of light propagation. </div><div><br /></div><div>In simpler terms, it involves aligning the oscillations of light waves in a particular direction.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYJGlov70TvMFJljTTvTwbf_FYxj1zS96AwCl3Kz2mHcM9OTuSj27IfWEhkpq0GNCsUq3fKT6Qb334qre8JCnzCjoa86K9pCPH_EHDzCECwVkQVoDrMxeZXq0OYUNXGUJ6VE4jl8czU1kpKY5pvCzTeFSr-0MVywoElwsEstIBErGmhNS3IyiblFMD96M/s1280/Polarization-of-light.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Polarization of Light? Explained" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYJGlov70TvMFJljTTvTwbf_FYxj1zS96AwCl3Kz2mHcM9OTuSj27IfWEhkpq0GNCsUq3fKT6Qb334qre8JCnzCjoa86K9pCPH_EHDzCECwVkQVoDrMxeZXq0OYUNXGUJ6VE4jl8czU1kpKY5pvCzTeFSr-0MVywoElwsEstIBErGmhNS3IyiblFMD96M/w640-h360/Polarization-of-light.png" title="What is Polarization of Light? Explained" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Unpolarized Light:</b> Unpolarized light, such as sunlight, candlelight, or electric lamp light, consists of random vibrations of electrons, ions, or charged particles. These vibrations occur in all directions within a specific plane, making it ordinary light. </div><div><br /></div><div>Unpolarized light can be considered as the sum of two equally spaced perpendicular components of transverse vibration. Ordinary light is electromagnetic waves. The electric field È and magnetic field B of such waves always oscillate perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. The wave travels in a direction perpendicular to this plane.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Polarized Light:</b> Polarized light is created when ordinary light waves are passed through a polarizer. For example, when an ordinary light wave passes through a crystal of tourmaline or similar medium, its random transverse vibration is converted into a unidirectional transverse vibration. This phenomenon is called polarization of light and that light is called polarized light.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Terminology of Polarization</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>To understand polarization, we need to familiarize ourselves with a few key components:</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Polarizer:</b> A polarizer is a mechanical system used to polarize unpolarized light. </div><div><br /></div><div>For example, tourmaline crystals are used in most light-based experiments, and other common polarizers that we use in everyday life are our sunglasses, photographic filters, and liquid crystal displays.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Analyzer:</b> An analyzer is another mechanical system that determines whether light is polarized or not.</div><div><br /></div><div>An optical tool like a Nicol prism is capable of producing plane-polarized light and is used to see how objects affect this polarized light after it passes through.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Plane of Vibration:</b> The plane where the vibrations of incident light are confined is known as the vibrational plane.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Plane of Polarization:</b> The plane where the light beam is perpendicular to the vibrational plane is referred to as the plane of polarization.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Linear Polarized Light:</b> Light can vibrate in any direction from a point on a surface perpendicular to the normal. When the vibrations occur along a straight line within a specific plane perpendicular to the direction of light propagation, it is termed linear polarized light. This is often called plane-polarized light.</div><div><div><br /></div><div><b>Angle of polarization:</b> The particular angle of incidence for which the degree of polarization by reflection is maximum is called the angle of polarization (<i>i<span style="font-size: xx-small;">p</span></i>).</div><div><br /></div><div>The plane-polarized light that can be produced by reflection was first discovered by the scientist Malus in 1808. He showed that when ordinary light i.e. unpolarized light is reflected by a transparent medium (e.g. water or glass), the reflected ray is partially polarized. </div><div><br /></div><div>The degree of polarization of the ray depends on the angle of incidence. The value of this angle depends on the reflector surface and the wavelength of the incident light.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the case of glass, the value of the angle of polarization is about 56° and in the case of pure water, the angle of polarization is 53°.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Methods of Polarization</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Polarisation of light can happen by several methods for example - Polarization by Reflection, Polarization by Refraction, Polarization by Transmission, and Polarization by Scattering. But here we will discuss only the Polarization by reflection and refraction.</div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Polarization by Reflection:</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>As we already discussed when ordinary light is reflected from a transparent medium, the reflected rays become partially polarized. The degree of polarization depends on the angle of incidence and the medium's properties. This angle is known as the angle of polarization, sometimes called Brewster's angle.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Brewster's Law:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Brewster's law describes the relationship between the angle of polarization and the refractive index of the medium. It states that the tangent of the angle of polarization is numerically equal to the absolute refractive index of the medium.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Here's the simple idea behind Brewster's Law:</div><div><br /></div><div>When light hits a surface, it can bounce off in different directions.</div><div><br /></div><div>Brewster's Law tells us that when light hits at a specific angle, called the "Brewster angle" (we'll call it <i><span style="font-size: medium;">i</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">p</span></i>), something interesting happens.</div><div><br /></div><div>At this angle, the reflected light becomes special. The light that bounces back is "polarized," meaning its waves vibrate in a specific direction.</div><div><br /></div><div>Now, let's put this into math:</div><div><br /></div><div>Imagine you have a beam of light hitting a surface. We'll use "<i>μ </i>" to represent the refractive indexes, and "<i><span style="font-size: medium;">i</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">p</span></i>" for the Brewster angle.</div><div><br /></div><div>Brewster's Law in this simple equation:</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?%20tani_{p}=\frac{\mu%20_{2}}{\mu%20_{1}}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Where:</div><div><br /></div><div><i><span style="font-size: medium;">i</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">p</span></i> is the Brewster angle.</div><div><i>μ₁</i> is the refractive index of the material where the light is coming from (like air).</div><div><i>μ₂</i> is the refractive index of the material where the light is going (like glass or water).</div><div><br /></div><div>So, to find the Brewster angle, you just need to know the refractive indexes of the two materials. But remember, since the refractive index of the medium depends on the wavelength of light, it can be said that the polarization angle also depends on the wavelength.</div><div><br /></div><div>When light hits at the Brewster angle, the reflected light will be polarized. This means it will be less likely to create glare, which can be useful in things like sunglasses or reducing reflections on windows.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Polarization by Refraction:</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Imagine light as lots of tiny waves moving in different directions. When these waves meet a clear glass surface at a special angle, called the "angle of polarization," something cool happens.</div><div><br /></div><div>Around 85% of the light decides to go inside the glass, which we call refraction. The remaining 15% says, "No thanks," and bounces back, which we call reflection.</div><div><br /></div><div>The light that goes inside the glass isn't all neatly organized. It's like a mix of waves going every which way. Some of the waves inside the glass start lining up their vibrations in one direction. This makes them somewhat polarized but not fully.</div><div><br /></div><div>To get stronger polarization, we use many thin glass plates, all lined up next to each other. The light goes through these plates multiple times, each time getting more and more organized.</div><div><br /></div><div>Eventually, the light splits into two groups. One group becomes reflected light with vibrations up and down, and the other group becomes refracted light with vibrations side to side. These two groups of light go in different directions, and their vibrations are at right angles to each other, like a cross.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, by using multiple glass plates, we can make light become strongly polarized, which means its waves move in just one direction. This is useful for many things like reducing glare or improving image quality on certain devices.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Polaroid?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Polaroid</b> is like a special sheet that turns regular light into polarized light. It does this using tiny cells called herapathite cells on a film.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Here's how it works:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>These cells are arranged in a way so that all their optical axes (imagine this as their preferred direction) are lined up in the same direction.</div><div><br /></div><div>These cells are picky about which light they like. They absorb one type of light that comes from birefringence (a fancy word for how light splits into two rays in some materials). They don't like this one.</div><div><br /></div><div>But, they let the other type of light pass through. This light is special because it's now "plane polarized," which means all its waves move in the same direction.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, when light goes through Polaroid, it only lets through the light that's moving in one direction, and that's why it's used in things like sunglasses to reduce glare.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Uses of Polaroid:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>1. Polaroids can generate and analyze polarized light very easily and at a very low cost.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Advanced sunglasses use Polaroid instead of glass which is more comfortable for the eyes.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Polaroids are affixed to car headlights and window screens. As a result, the strong light coming from the front cannot enter the car.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Polaroid film is used to make three-dimensional movies (3D pictures).</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-89603483083347772952023-09-05T14:59:00.003+05:302023-09-07T15:02:48.707+05:30What is Diffraction of Light? Definition, Types, and it's Applications<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Diffraction of Light?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div><b>Definition:</b> Diffraction of light refers to the phenomenon where light waves deviate or bend from their expected straight-line path as they encounter an obstacle or pass through a narrow aperture.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>As we know from common experience, sound waves can bend around an obstacle or pass through a hole and spread around. It has been observed that the same phenomenon occurs in the case of light waves.</div><div><br /></div><div>To better understand this, consider a simple experiment. Suppose a thin sheet of tin is placed in the sunlight and its shadow is cast on a wall. We know that sunlight coming from far away can be considered as parallel rays and according to geometrical optics, light travels along straight lines.</div><div><br /></div><div>So the thin tin sheet should get a clear shade. But if you look closely at the shadow, you will see that the edges of the shadow are not very clear. From this fact, it can be concluded that the light ray is bent when it approaches the edge of the sheet.</div><div><br /></div><div>Experiments have shown that the direction of motion of any wave changes when approaching an obstacle or passing through a hole. Since light is a wave, light also undergoes diffraction.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>In the image below you can see an image of the plus sign. When light passes through a big hole, the plus image appears blurry and spread out. But when light goes through a narrow hole, it creates a sharper image of the plus sign. This happens because narrow holes bend the light more, like a lens, making a clearer image. So, remember, big holes make fuzzy images and narrow holes make clear ones!</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5wBEyXoHxXdsVgrg6qV1icxJ7EwTXQ91iXV4hnUbgwE-Y_3_dG8jZCCusovc67TWZj3lLqEQ0PxfFqc6sOh4PpIZ2SnKYNy9RDVaqd6-8nX0-kjMUfv_Jv-u71fjdzTVfOSCxyRAk9gFF6J5ckZazjenhFJpbTxAJlwL7RKXEMKsEBLNOAyaBMVb9IL4/s1280/Diffraction-of-Light.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Diffraction of Light? Definition, Types, and it's Applications" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5wBEyXoHxXdsVgrg6qV1icxJ7EwTXQ91iXV4hnUbgwE-Y_3_dG8jZCCusovc67TWZj3lLqEQ0PxfFqc6sOh4PpIZ2SnKYNy9RDVaqd6-8nX0-kjMUfv_Jv-u71fjdzTVfOSCxyRAk9gFF6J5ckZazjenhFJpbTxAJlwL7RKXEMKsEBLNOAyaBMVb9IL4/w640-h360/Diffraction-of-Light.png" title="What is Diffraction of Light? Definition, Types, and it's Applications" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Several important conclusions can be drawn from the phenomenon of diffraction of </b><b>light</b><b>:</b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Light Propagates as a Wave:</b> Light, like other waves, travels in a wave-like manner, demonstrating that it is not limited to behaving as a straight-line ray.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Aperture Size Matters:</b> When the size of an aperture is much larger than the wavelength of light, the diffraction effects are not easily noticeable. In such cases, light appears to travel in straight lines, aligning with geometric optics.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Sharp Edges Enhance Diffraction:</b> The phenomenon of diffraction is more pronounced when the edges of the obstacle or aperture are sharp, making the bending of light more noticeable.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Nature of Light Waves:</b> While diffraction confirms the wave nature of light, it does not provide insights into whether light waves are longitudinal or transverse.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Wavelength Dependency:</b> Longer wavelengths, such as those of sound waves and radio waves, exhibit relatively more pronounced diffraction effects.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Classification of Diffraction</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Diffraction phenomena of light waves can be broadly classified into two categories: Fresnel diffraction and Fraunhofer diffraction.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>1. Fresnel Diffraction:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Fresnel diffraction occurs when the light source, screen, or both are at a finite distance from the aperture. The wavefront incident on the screen is round or beak-shaped. Examples include sharp-edged obstacles, narrow wires, small round holes, and narrow slits cause this kind of diffraction.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>2. Fraunhofer Diffraction:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Fraunhofer Diffraction occurs when both the light source and the screen are at an infinite distance from the aperture. The wavefront incident on the screen is flat. Examples include single slits, double slits, and diffraction gratings cause this kind of diffraction.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Comparison between interference and diffraction of light</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>Both interference and diffraction of light are phenomena caused by the overlap or superposition of light waves. At the root of the formation of diffraction fringes is the interference of waves. </div><div><br /></div><div>However, there are some fundamental differences between diffraction and ordinary interference. The differences are as follows:</div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Interference:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>1. Superposition of light waves emitted from two coherent sources causes diffraction.</div><div>2 Widths of the interference fringe are generally equal.</div><div>3. The intensity of bright bands in fringes is uniform.</div><div>4. Dark bands in interference fringes are completely dark.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Diffraction:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>1. Superposition of secondary waves coming from different points of the same wavefront causes diffraction.</div><div>2 Widths of the diffraction fringe are not equal.</div><div>3. The intensity of bright bands in diffraction fringes is non-uniform.</div><div>4. Dark bands in diffraction fringes are partially dark, not completely dark.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Applications of Diffraction</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Diffraction of light has several practical applications in various fields, including:</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Spectroscopy:</b> Diffraction gratings are used to disperse light into its component wavelengths, allowing scientists to analyze the composition of substances and celestial objects.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Microscopy:</b> Diffraction plays a crucial role in optical microscopy techniques, enabling the observation of small structures and details.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Laser Technology:</b> Diffraction is employed in the creation of laser beams, beam splitters, and optical elements used in laser systems.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Holography:</b> The principles of diffraction are central to the creation and viewing of holograms, providing a 3D visual experience.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-14853720888081235492023-09-03T16:38:00.002+05:302023-09-07T14:58:53.347+05:30What is Photoelectric Effect? Explained<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Photoelectric Effect?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div>The <b>photoelectric effect</b> is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from a metal surface when it is exposed to light. These emitted electrons are called <b>photoelectrons</b>. However, it is very important to note that the emission of photoelectrons and the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons are dependent on the frequency of light that is incident on the metal surface. </div><div><br /></div><div>The process by which photoelectrons are emitted from a metal surface due to the action of light is commonly called <b>photoelectric emission</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX_mcmnZkWNN80HsbimI7_YJHULswIzKfGT-KXG9ZU5JL7h1_f5BNHQ65BWJzY3k6MwxnTA67tf0lcF-oCbouhuRsLnl0z_ygfDBeS7uiR_wGLAY3KGrqqyurILrMXx2ZNQ-Br4D-Ys88dm1DUU1nCiy2lFYj-Rii9bWYpAUoBoaZv9w9e8nigC_QXtvs/s1280/What%20is%20Photoelectric%20Effect.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Photoelectric Effect? Explained" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX_mcmnZkWNN80HsbimI7_YJHULswIzKfGT-KXG9ZU5JL7h1_f5BNHQ65BWJzY3k6MwxnTA67tf0lcF-oCbouhuRsLnl0z_ygfDBeS7uiR_wGLAY3KGrqqyurILrMXx2ZNQ-Br4D-Ys88dm1DUU1nCiy2lFYj-Rii9bWYpAUoBoaZv9w9e8nigC_QXtvs/w640-h360/What%20is%20Photoelectric%20Effect.png" title="What is Photoelectric Effect? Explained" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>We will discuss more about photoelectrons, and photoelectric emission further, but to truly know the significance of the photoelectric effect it is essential to first delve deeper into its historical context.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Discovery of the Photoelectric Effect</b></span></h2><div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Albert Einstein's</b> profound insight and groundbreaking theory revolutionized our comprehension of light and its interaction with matter. But before he explained the photoelectric effect, several scientists made similar observations but were unable to clarify the concept. </div><div><br /></div><div>For example, <b>Max Planck's</b> work on black-body radiation and his concept of energy quanta set the stage for the Photoelectric Effect's interpretation. Hertz's experiments with electromagnetic waves paved the way for further investigations into the nature of light.</div><div><br /></div><div>In 1887, the photoelectric effect was first noticed by German physicist <b>Heinrich Rudolf Hertz</b>, while conducting experiments related to radio waves. He noticed that in a vacuum tube, sparking takes place when two metal electrodes are shone with ultraviolet light, and there is a voltage change because of the light. He thought that the UV rays generated a large number of charged particles in the tube, which can be identified as the cause of sparking.</div><div><br /></div><div>In 1902, <b>Philip Lennard</b> provided additional clarification regarding the relationship between electricity and light, further proving the theory of the photoelectric effect. Lenard's experiments and controversial views sparked a debate that ultimately led to a deeper understanding of the <b>Photoelectric Effect</b>. </div><div><br /></div><div>Now before going to Einstein's photoelectric equation let's know some basic concepts about the photoelectric effect.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Important Concepts in Photoelectric Effect</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Photoelectric emission:</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>When light of a suitable wavelength is incident on a metal surface, electrons are ejected from it, this phenomenon is called <b>photoelectric emission</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Electrons emitted in photoelectric emission are called <b>photoelectrons</b>. With suitable arrangements, a unidirectional current of photoelectrons can be produced, the resulting electric current is called <b>photoelectric current</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Work Function:</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>The minimum amount of energy needed for an electron to escape from the surface of a metal is called the <b>work function</b> of the metal. It is represented by the symbol <i>W<span style="font-size: xx-small;">0</span></i>.</div><div><br /></div><div>This work function parameter depends only on the nature of the metal, not on how the electron gained energy. It is usually measured in units of electron volts (<i>eV</i>). </div><div><br /></div><div>Alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, etc. have lower work function than other metals, but nowadays some alloys are used which are more convenient for photoelectric emission.</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Stopping Potential:</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>The minimum negative potential or voltage applied to the anode to stop the photoelectric current is called the cut-off or <b>stopping potential</b>. It is represented by the symbol <i>V<span style="font-size: xx-small;">0</span></i>.</div><div><br /></div><div>The stopping potential (<i>V<span style="font-size: xx-small;">0</span></i>) does not depend at all on the intensity of the incident light. As the incident light intensity increases only the value of the photoelectric current increases. </div><div><br /></div><div>Irrespective of the intensity of the incident light, the value of the stopping potential remains the same for the light of a particular frequency.</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Threshold frequency:</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>The minimum frequency of light that emits electrons or causes photoelectric emission from a metal surface when light falls on it is called <b>threshold frequency</b>. It is represented by the symbol <span style="font-size: large;"><i>𝜈₀</i></span>.</div><div><br /></div><div>The maximum wavelength corresponding to this minimum frequency (<span style="font-size: medium;"><i>𝜈₀</i></span>) is called the threshold wavelength (<i>𝜆<span style="font-size: large;">₀</span> = c/<span style="font-size: medium;">𝜈₀</span></i>). (where <i>c</i> = speed of light).</div><div><br /></div><div>The higher the frequency of the incident light, the higher the stopping potential or maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons. This is why practically UV light is always applied to metal surfaces because UV light has a higher frequency and shorter wavelength than visible light.</div><div><br /></div><div>Alkali metals (sodium, potassium, cesium, etc.) emit photoelectrons even when exposed to light of very low frequency.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Explanation of Photoelectric Effect</b></span></h2><div><div><br /></div><div>Max Planck proposed that the energy of electromagnetic radiation (like light) is quantized, meaning it comes in discrete packets called "quanta". </div><div><br /></div><div>He introduced the Planck constant (h) to describe this relationship: <i>E = h𝜈</i>, where E is the energy, h is Planck's constant, and 𝜈 is the frequency of the radiation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Planck's theory successfully explained the spectral distribution of energy emitted by a blackbody, which classical physics had failed to do.</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Einstein's photoelectric equation:</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>Albert Einstein extended Planck's idea to explain the photoelectric effect, where electrons are emitted from a material when it's exposed to light.</div><div><br /></div><div>He proposed that light incident on the metal surface as a stream of photon particles. The energy of each photon particle for light of frequency <i>𝜈</i>, <i>E = hv</i> (where <i>h</i> = Planck's constant).</div><div><br /></div><div>The incident photon collides with the electron of the metal. This collision can have two outcomes: either the photon is reflected with all the energy (<i>h𝜈)</i> or the entire energy (<i>h𝜈)</i> is transferred to the electron.</div><div><br /></div><div>So it is clear that Einstein fully utilized the quantum theory of radiation to analyze the photoelectric effect.</div><div><br /></div><div>When the entire energy (<i>h𝜈) </i>of the incident photon is transferred to the electrons of the metal, it is spent in two ways:</div><div><br /></div><div>A fraction is spent ejecting the electron from the metal. Its minimum value is equal to the work function W₀ of the metal surface. However, more energy than <i>W₀</i> is required to eject more electrons due to the interaction of positive and negative charges in the metal.</div><div><br /></div><div>The remainder is converted into the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons. These moving electrons are photoelectrons, which can cause photoelectric currents. </div><div><br /></div><div>If the energy taken by the electron to leave the metal surface is minimum i.e. <i>W₀</i>, then the emitted electron attains maximum kinetic energy (<i>E<span style="font-size: xx-small;">max</span></i>).</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?\therefore\;h\nu=W_{0}+E_{max}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?or\;E_{max}=h\nu-W_{0}\;\to(1)" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>If the mass of electron = <i>m</i> and the maximum velocity of photoelectron = <i><span style="font-size: medium;">v</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">max </span></i>then,</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?E_{max}=\frac{1}{2}mv_{max}^{2}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>So from equation no (1) we see</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?\frac{1}{2}mv_{max}^{2}=h\nu-W_{0}\;\to(2)" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Again, if the value of the stopping voltage is <i>V₀</i> for the light of frequency<i>𝜈</i>, we know that <i>E<span style="font-size: xx-small;">max</span> = eV₀</i> (e = charge of the electron). </div><div><br /></div><div>Hence, from equation (1), we see</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?eV_{0}=h\nu-W_{0}\;\to(3)" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Equations (1), (2) and (3) above are practically identical. So any of these equations is called <b>Einstein's photoelectric equation</b>. </div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Characteristics of the Photoelectric Effect</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>1. Photoelectric current is proportional to the intensity of incident light.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. The maximum velocity or kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is not at all dependent on the intensity of the incident light; Rather, if the frequency of the incident light increases, their maximum velocity and kinetic energy increase.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Every metal has a threshold frequency. If light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency falls on the metal surface, no photoelectric current is obtained. In general, the photoelectric effect is characterized by radiation from the wavelength of visible light to the wavelength of ultraviolet light.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. The threshold frequency of the photoelectric effect is different for different metals.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. Photoelectrons can be emitted from the metal surface at a range of velocities between zero and maximum velocities.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. Photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process, i.e., photoelectrons are emitted as soon as light falls on the metal surface, there is no time lag between these two events.</div><div><br /></div><div>7. Emission of photoelectrons in photoelectric emission causes the residual metal surface to become positively charged to a very small degree (this principle is adopted in making photo-voltaic cells).</div><div><br /></div><div>8. Emission of electrons in photoelectric emission does not depend on the temperature of the metal.</div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-24375191346535784512023-09-03T13:43:00.007+05:302023-10-06T13:57:25.474+05:30What is Quantum Mechanics? Explained<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Quantum Mechanics?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Quantum Mechanics</b> also known as <b>quantum physics</b> is a key pillar of <b>modern physics</b>. It is a branch of physics that deals with the study of the microscopic world, that is the world inside the atom. This branch of physics emerged at the beginning of the 20th century, as a response to the limitations of classical physics. </div><div><br /></div><div>In quantum theory, we encounter phenomena or truths that are beyond our ordinary experience, and that seem unreal at first sight. Even the scientists who laid the foundations of quantum theory were surprised by some of the conclusions reached through theoretical analysis. However, all of the experiments that have been conducted to test this theory have strengthened the foundation of this theory.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZYcPjK24-Gc5OjMSXh1Y5ROc5JFYAig-axV2vM_cpfponbbna0rQsr8riF9My2_kdGy7PhGH4Fao0NMWwTsl9MfmV0IHVRTDXbxzXkqaRacvYZG_-3iuUdfy-L0ky9H6wHc6VW9cx04hrMmiXjrTmpDq0x8y_nC2jQqPw5ps4yCiYc84qGrh04bih_GY/s1280/Quantum-mechanics.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Quantum Mechanics?" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZYcPjK24-Gc5OjMSXh1Y5ROc5JFYAig-axV2vM_cpfponbbna0rQsr8riF9My2_kdGy7PhGH4Fao0NMWwTsl9MfmV0IHVRTDXbxzXkqaRacvYZG_-3iuUdfy-L0ky9H6wHc6VW9cx04hrMmiXjrTmpDq0x8y_nC2jQqPw5ps4yCiYc84qGrh04bih_GY/w640-h360/Quantum-mechanics.png" title="What is Quantum Mechanics?" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Quantum theory explains certain phenomena, particularly those observed at the atomic and subatomic scales. Many physicists such as Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, and Erwin Schrödinger played very important roles in shaping this revolutionary theory.</div><div><br /></div><div>In 1900 AD scientist Max Planck first introduced this theory. Despite the incredible success of the wave theory of light, it was not possible to explain some phenomena like blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, atomic spectra, etc. </div><div><br /></div><div>Finally, Planck developed quantum theory while explaining the spectrum of black body radiation. According to him, radiation consists of energy packets, he called these packets quanta. Later Einstein introduced the concept of the photon particle which is extremely helpful to describe the photoelectric effect. Further, this theory was firmly established by Werner Heisenberg, and Erwin Schrödinger.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Quantized Quantity or Quantum?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>A quantum represents the most minimal, distinct unit of a particular phenomenon. For example, a photon stands as a quantum of light, while an electron serves as a quantum of electricity. The term "quantum" originates from Latin, signifying "a quantity" or "to what extent?" When an entity is quantifiable, it possesses the capacity to be measured.</div><div><br /></div><div>In everyday life, certain things come in fixed amounts that are connected to a basic unit. This basic unit is called a "quantum. For example, currency is quantized and currently, its quantum in the Indian economy is 50 paisa. Obviously, it is possible to give someone 1 rupee 50 paise, or 150 paise, but giving 150.5 paise is not possible. Similarly, in radiation photon is also referred to as a quantum of energy.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Photon?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>As mentioned earlier, the photoelectric effect cannot be explained with the help of wave theory. For this reason, in 1905, Einstein expanded Planck's quantum theory by introducing the concept of photon particles and explained the photoelectric effect. </div><div><br /></div><div>This particle theory of radiation is now known as quantum theory. The essence of this theory is that electromagnetic radiation is not a wave, but a stream of particles called <b>photons</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Properties of photon:</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>Now if we talk about the properties of photon then they are as follows</div><div><br /></div><div>(i). Every photon particle is neutral.</div><div><br /></div><div>(ii). Every photon particle travels at the speed of light. In any situation, the speed of the photon does not decrease or increase <i>i.e.</i> it is constant. (speed of photon or light, <span style="font-family: inherit;">c = 3×10⁻⁸ ms⁻¹</span>)</div><div><br /></div><div>(iii). Amount of energy carried by a photon, <i>E = h𝜈</i>; where <i>𝜈</i> = frequency of radiation, <i>h</i> = Planck's constant. The greater the number of photon particles in the photon stream, the greater the amount of energy carried, resulting in an increase in the brightness of the radiation.</div><div><br /></div><div>(iv). Mass of the photon cannot be explained by Newtonian mechanics. The idea that photons have mass is rejected. In simple words, the rest mass of the photon is zero.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>(v). According to the theory of relativity, if a particle has rest mass <i>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">0</span></i> and momentum <i>p</i>, then the energy of the particle,</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?%20E=\sqrt{p^{2}c^{2}+m_{0}^{2}c^{4}}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>For photon particle <i>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">0</span> = 0</i>,</div></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?\therefore\;E=pc" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?or\;p=\frac{E}{c}=\frac{h\nu}{c}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>That is, even though the photon is a massless particle, it has definite momentum.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Wave-Particle Duality?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>One of the key concepts of quantum theory is <b>wave-particle duality</b>. This means that particles, such as electrons and photons, can behave as both particles and waves. For example, when an electron is observed, it appears as a particle, but when it is not observed, it behaves as a wave. This concept was first proposed by Louis de Broglie in 1924 and was later confirmed by experiments.</div><div><br /></div><div>Considering electromagnetic radiation as a stream of photon particles in particle theory, phenomena like the photoelectric effect, black body radiation, atomic spectra, etc. can be explained. However, this theory cannot explain light phenomena such as interference, diffraction, scattering, dispersion, polarisation, etc.</div><div><br /></div><div>On the other hand, the wave theory of radiation can easily explain phenomena such as interference, diffraction, scattering, dispersion, and polarisation. Therefore, according to modern theory, radiation (light) sometimes behaves like waves and sometimes like particles. </div><div><br /></div><div>That is, there are two forms of radiation - wave form and particle form. So wave theory and particle theory are not contradictory, but complement each other like the reverse side of the same coin. This is known as <b>wave-particle duality</b>, which is deeply embedded into the foundations of quantum mechanics today.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Other central concepts in quantum mechanics</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Superposition Principle:</b> </div><div><br /></div><div>Another key concept of quantum theory is superposition. This means that a particle can exist in multiple states at the same time. For example, an electron can be in two different energy levels simultaneously. Mathematically, it's when an equation has more than one possible answer.</div><div><br /></div><div>Superposition means that an object can be in multiple states at once, like ripples on a pond created by two waves coming together. This concept is important in the development of quantum computers, which can perform calculations using superposition.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Uncertainty Principle:</b> </div><div><br /></div><div>The Uncertainty Principle is also a very important concept in quantum mechanics. In 1927, It was formulated by German physicist Werner Heisenberg.</div><div><br /></div><div>This concept says you can't precisely know two things about an object at the same time, like its position and speed. If you know one very precisely, the other becomes uncertain. The Uncertainty Principle tells us that in the tiny world of atoms and particles, we can't know everything at once. </div><div><br /></div><div>Imagine trying to measure a particle's position and speed. The more accurately we measure one thing, like where it is, the less accurately we can know another thing, like how fast it's moving. This strange rule shows us the limits of our knowledge in the fascinating realm of quantum physics.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Quantum Entanglement:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Quantum theory also includes the concept of <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-quantum-entanglement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">quantum entanglement</span></a>. This happens when two particles become linked in such a way that the state of one particle is dependent on the state of the other particle, even if they are separated by a long distance.</div><div><br /></div><div>In this situation knowing about one particle tells you something about the others, even if they're far apart. It's like they act as a single system. This concept has important implications for cryptography and communication, as it could allow for secure communication over long distances.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Double-slit experiment:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>One of the most famous experiments in quantum theory is the <b>double-slit experiment</b>. This experiment involves firing electrons at a barrier with two slits. When the electrons pass through the slits, they interfere with each other, creating an interference pattern on a detector screen. </div><div><br /></div><div>This experiment demonstrates the wave-like behavior of particles and has important implications for our understanding of the nature of reality.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-17433346420814686572023-07-21T10:17:00.017+05:302023-10-01T13:42:39.537+05:30What is LiFi? Explained<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: justify; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We're all familiar with WiFi. After all, who doesn't have a router at home these days? </span></div><span id="docs-internal-guid-3166da75-7fff-425d-d630-4f9fc3621bca"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 346px; overflow: hidden; width: 554px;"><img alt="What is LiFi? Explained" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/MaNBqxs9YJMLkqfSbmDJLgwr_Uh1-fOd-h2qY3T8PTXEZAIQAS43BUAdqQD5SkzO0yBNNTKiF2_uywrgxC0CeElRyGYb9MkOH-ELxivzJwZWDR5JT_R2E67qXTOfMuWvQ1zx_Id3nStg0sDJiJdScw=s16000" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" title="What is LiFi? Explained" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Xiaomi Router</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Once upon a time, kids used to ask, "Is there a TV?"</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Nowadays, kids always hold their cell phones and tablets and ask, "Is there any WiFi?"</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">I don't know when it started, but we've gotten used to connecting to WiFi everywhere we go.<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 179px; overflow: hidden; width: 268px;"><img alt="What is LiFi? Explained" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/j0lI9LjCe6RWwArcD3R-gM5niAfAyKSO1wjke_5EJ4yBgxmWvycXW9nu3tNc5ZknrFyv28TUUYSJm6hZs-tNEbg2lJFW0GlIGWdHKYS2anSfc1SZg1StZi3FZZQlEFYpNtjSDVhVf6lq-sOmfDaZ6A=s16000" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" title="What is LiFi? Explained" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">But along with WiFi comes a variety of issues. Among them, many users are concerned about information security.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Some large shopping malls and public facilities are covered with Wi-Fi, and consumers can easily connect to Wi-Fi with their smartphones, tablets, and other devices.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The mere act of connecting to a wireless network can result in the leakage of information on the smart device.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Unruly elements will find ways to install WiFi probes in public places, devices that look like routers and are not easily detected.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">As long as the consumer has WiFi on they will send out signals to the surrounding area looking for a wireless network, which will be detected by the WiFi probe.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">After being detected by the probe box, the MAC address of the user's cell phone is identified, converted to an IMEI number, and then converted to a cell phone number. In this way, the user's cell phone number is leaked.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The unscrupulous elements then utilize big data, and soon the user's ID number, consumption records, home address, and other information are exposed one by one.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The mere act of connecting to a wireless network can cause information leakage on smart devices.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 310px; overflow: hidden; width: 554px;"><img alt="What is LiFi? Explained" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-q_pRMRS6F8njGeH9XZtlcErLqgHXg7iB0AX--7Jtwv5YEcmWJJlpGSDh_SUzFsY_6IVGb5GOKcXx4gsmnuWz9eXNdz9QufAZOb0Mnw-HfRM09puc95PI5gXi-EfIJyrjQIFsMHk-hTDpdJO5ls9kA=s16000" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" title="What is LiFi? Explained" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">▲Extreme Route</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Unruly elements will find ways to install WiFi probes in public places, devices that look like routers and are not easily detected.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Not only public areas, but even the wireless router in your own home can cause information leakage.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Wireless routers can also be used by crooks to steal personal information and even property if they are not set up securely.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The speed of wireless router password cracking depends not only on the software but also on the hardware. Be careful to make the password settings as complex as possible, and it will be more difficult to crack.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">You can use the following methods to set up the router(source: </span><a href="https://www.easybom.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Easybom</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">):</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Use WPA/WPA2 encryption, don't use flawed encryption, which is the most commonly used encryption method.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Do not use the initial passphrase and password, when setting the password, make sure to use a long password, more complex, not use birthdays or phone numbers, etc., and change the password regularly.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The user name and password of the background management of the wireless router are usually defaulted to admin, which must be changed, otherwise, the router is very easy to be controlled by intruders.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Disable the WPS function. The existing WPS function has loopholes that make it possible to expose the router's access password and background management password.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Enable the MAC address filtering function and bind the frequently used devices.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Close the remote management port, close the DHCP function of the router, enable the fixed IP address, and don't let the router assign the IP address automatically.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Pay attention to firmware upgrades for regular use. Vulnerable wireless routers must be patched and upgraded in time or replaced with more secure ones.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Security software should be installed on both the cell phone and computer side. For hackers commonly used phishing sites and other attack techniques, security software can be intercepted in a timely manner to remind.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In addition to setting up security settings on your router, there is another alternative - using LiFi.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 356px; overflow: hidden; width: 500px;"><img alt="What is LiFi? Explained" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/ciKvRkJZjRP9ZCru7Q7yVZ3Y94Z1OJbg2-YjmIQj1Eb640ZU4CwOpt0HOndAIs8EEVBU86CkBZKexmIRR3L4E68sv7UqjYvhJj9rlu6z8ncRqBUZWLYs0nTiDlPnfVdnlS4whWK1PN6s6RwfBSjnTg=s16000" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" title="What is LiFi? Explained" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">▲ LiFi Schematic (Source: Internet)</span></p><br /><h1 style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>What is LiFi?</b></span></h1><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">LiFi (Light Fidelity), also known as visible light wireless communication, is a new wireless transmission technology that utilizes the visible light spectrum for data transmission.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">LiFi implanted in the </span><a href="https://www.easybom.com/at/led" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">LED</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> on a tiny chip, the use of electrical signals to control light-emitting diodes (LED) to send out the naked eye can not see the high-speed flashing signals to transmit information, this technology is made of the system can be covered by indoor lighting to reach the scope of the computer does not need wires connected to the indoor lights as long as the lights are turned on, without WIFI can also access the Internet.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">To put it plainly, LiFi turns WiFi signals into visible light, so that you can connect to unlimited internet wherever the light covers.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 300px; overflow: hidden; width: 525px;"><img alt="What is LiFi? Explained" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/FXn1Azhy__k1OfBrqZaO_CTZCkuNhutb1dJCNj4gn2wHnolJ31DI6uUVFqTT42JquH-jO5MHWZuWRxCjAOjoLpka05Du3u_JTXlyT_gYogeRQPjQCwAbm4sLaYYdj7pCkfxzr19PJsJELSbQtcbS6g=s16000" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" title="What is LiFi? Explained" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Advantages of LiFi</b></span></h2><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The biggest advantage of LiFi technology is that it does not interfere with other radio signals, so it can be used in airplanes and other situations where electromagnetic compatibility is a concern.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Another big advantage is that, relative to the limited frequency spectrum of radio, the visible light band spectrum is 10,000 times larger than the former, which means that the bandwidth of a single data channel in the LiFi network can be made very large, and can also accommodate more channels for parallel transmission, so that the overall transmission rate is greatly increased.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In addition, the widely used cellular networks and WiFi devices have the problems of high heat generation and low energy conversion rates. For example, the cellular network base station equipment, its frequency is not high, but its energy conversion rate is less than 10%, the remaining 90% of the energy is converted into heat and often needs to introduce cooling equipment to maintain normal operation.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">LiFi, on the other hand, does not have this problem, and its extremely low heat generation allows it to operate stably without the need for cooling equipment.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The last thing is its high security. First of all, the characteristics of light determine that it cannot transmit signals through walls, which means that its security is very strong, and the phenomenon of "dabbing" that often occurs in the use of WiFi can be effectively avoided.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">At the same time, unlike WiFi that shares a common channel, LiFi's uplink and downlink channels operate independently, so a hacker must be in the same room and invade both channels in order to complete a truly meaningful attack.</span></p><br /><h2 style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Disadvantages of LiFi</b></span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">While LiFi does have the advantage of not being interfered with by radio signals, it also has a number of limitations.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">One thing that is extremely limiting about LiFi is that visible light cannot penetrate walls and objects, so if the receiver is blocked, then the signal will be cut off.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">While this feature of LiFi improves security, the minimum distance at which LIFI can be received is currently unknown.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In this case, it is very possible to intercept the optical signal using an optical sensor or even a telephoto lens.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is one of the reasons why LiFi has not yet become popular.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 332px; overflow: hidden; width: 554px;"><img alt="What is LiFi? Explained" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/QqBOKYeGZa-QRZAT300z9pzJKbNBus9jxMO_0oInlwlmry8qIZmZCUEDxSI-jGDJnf4J16SO2n7-0Qr2i7JCqFz04DzPl5hznvYHWz8d3k4weBVXrseySjRcM7cOMog8t9xHQldMRlU5cV1Pigpv-w=s16000" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" title="What is LiFi? Explained" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">LIFI Schematic</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Although LiFi has some limitations, it also has some promising applications. For example, it can be used in shopping malls and supermarkets as a guide system:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">For example, in shopping malls and supermarkets</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, cell phones can be used as receivers to guide customers to buy goods as soon as possible through visible light communication systems.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Visual security payment system</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, the use of visible light communication directional radiation, rapid attenuation and visualization of transmission, and other characteristics, to achieve a new type of cell phone security payment.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Vehicle-mounted positioning system</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, using LED signal lights before and after the vehicle, as well as LED street lights and LED traffic lights, to establish an outdoor traffic vehicle-mounted positioning system, to realize the spacing control and anti-collision protection between vehicles, high-speed interactions between the vehicle and the traffic control system, such as violation of the monitoring, real-time road conditions, and other data, in order to ensure that the vehicle's driving safety, but also for the vehicle's serious violations of the law, major car accidents, etc., to provide the appropriate clues and bases.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">There are many other applications for LiFi, too numerous to mention here.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Currently, there are many other tech companies that are further researching LiFi-related technologies.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In February 2021, OPPO held the OPPO Future Technology Exhibition 2021 in Chongqing, where it demonstrated LiFi technology.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">It is reported that OPPO has already applied this technology to its connected ecosystem.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">At present, OPPO's connected ecosystem has a large scale, in addition to OPPO smartphones, OPPO also produces a variety of IoT products such as OPPO smartwatch, OPPO smart TV, and OPPO true wireless headphones.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">If LiFi technology can be applied to OPPO's connected ecosystem, the interaction delay between devices should be lower, which can bring users a very good experience.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 168px; overflow: hidden; width: 300px;"><img alt="What is LiFi? Explained" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/ARyEhSfMyu1i3XhpyM2WlrlN2wKJ1rsQ_ANMA0AK8kcTkatSXJgiluG1eLLmm-oA2igNeP6TTgmZNfRGKVhuc-J4lI3LYSBE9aGfTa5pOmKZu_EvIkHxa6A6zmG1qrI9wWFzxxJbzJFf-MZoftYi8Q=s16000" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" title="What is LiFi? Explained" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Not only OPPO but also Huawei, Google, and other technology companies are actively exploring LiFi technology.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">It is believed that with the efforts of many tech companies, the shortcomings of LiFi technology will be overcome and it will be applied to our real life.</span></p><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-17148186967556265382023-07-20T15:19:00.004+05:302023-11-20T14:50:22.855+05:30Maximum Power Transfer Theorem with Solved Problems<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Maximum Power Transfer Theorem?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div>The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is a fundamental concept in electrical engineering that states -<i>The maximum power is transferred from a source to a load when the impedance of the load is equal to the impedance of the source</i>. This theorem plays a crucial role in optimizing power transfer efficiency in various electrical circuits.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the realm of electrical engineering, the efficient transfer of power is of paramount importance to ensure optimal performance and minimal energy wastage. Understanding the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem allows engineers to design circuits that maximize power delivery and enhance system efficiency.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDW-Co8M31n-zOLuwnkAMui49DFbnT-YgP79IQKtu8S9Sxb9v3sY7wVlMELMSfEnbftDPyuCej6KY8mpiZKktJB-iyASqVtyeLHfdjVVDe8rnO4BrWk_zyXcetTQfFUUHV4M6wHihwQJFDMqDi_EGadIlPOBIF0WjkSPej3wLdO7ZBOHaYY6EGIl-KKeQ/s1280/Maximum-power-transfer-theorem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Maximum Power Transfer Theorem with Solved Problems" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDW-Co8M31n-zOLuwnkAMui49DFbnT-YgP79IQKtu8S9Sxb9v3sY7wVlMELMSfEnbftDPyuCej6KY8mpiZKktJB-iyASqVtyeLHfdjVVDe8rnO4BrWk_zyXcetTQfFUUHV4M6wHihwQJFDMqDi_EGadIlPOBIF0WjkSPej3wLdO7ZBOHaYY6EGIl-KKeQ/w400-h225/Maximum-power-transfer-theorem.jpg" title="Maximum Power Transfer Theorem with Solved Problems" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>This article aims to delve into the intricacies of the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem, providing a comprehensive understanding of its theoretical foundation and practical applications. Mathematical examples will be employed to illustrate the concept and demonstrate its significance in real-world scenarios.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Theoretical Explanation of the Theorem</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>To comprehend the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem, we must first grasp the concept of impedance matching. In electrical circuits, impedance comprises both resistance and reactance, particularly in alternating current (AC) circuits.</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>• Impedance Matching Concept:</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>Impedance matching involves adjusting the load impedance to match the source impedance. When the load impedance is equal to the source impedance, maximum power is delivered to the load, minimizing reflections and losses.</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>• Resistance and Reactance in AC Circuits:</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>In AC circuits, impedance consists of resistance (measured in ohms) and reactance (measured in ohms as well). Reactance is frequency-dependent and includes capacitive reactance and inductive reactance, which can lead to phase shifts between voltage and current.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Formulation of the Theorem's Equation</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem can be expressed mathematically through the application of Ohm's Law and the derivation of the condition for maximum power transfer.</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>• Applying Ohm's Law to Determine Power</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>According to Ohm's Law, power (P) is equal to the square of the current (I) multiplied by the resistance (R) or reactance (X) of the circuit component.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\dpi{110}\bg{white}P=I^{2}R\;(or\:P=I^{2}X)" style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>• Derivation of Maximum Power Transfer Condition</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>By considering the entire circuit, we can derive the condition for maximum power transfer, which occurs when the load impedance (Z<span style="font-size: xx-small;">L</span>) equals the complex conjugate of the source impedance (Z<span style="font-size: xx-small;">S</span>). </div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\dpi{110}\bg{white}Z_{L}=Z_{S}^{\ast}" style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Mathematical Examples of Maximum Power Transfer</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><b>Example 1:</b> Let's illustrate the concept using a simple resistive circuit. Assume we have a voltage source (Vs) of 12 volts connected in series with a resistor (R) of 4 ohms. Calculate the Maximum Power Transfer.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Solution:</b> To find the load resistance (R<span style="font-size: xx-small;">L</span>) that results in maximum power transfer, we set R<span style="font-size: xx-small;">L</span> = R, as there are no reactive components in the circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div>Calculating Maximum Power Transfer with R<span style="font-size: xx-small;">L</span> = R, we apply the formula for power transfer.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\dpi{110}\bg{white}P=\frac{V_{s}^{2}}{4R}" style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Substituting the values we get, </div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\dpi{110}\bg{white}P=\frac{12^{2}}{4\times%204}=9\:watts" style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Thus, 9 watts of power is transferred to the load resistor when the impedance is matched.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Example 2:</b> Let's explore a more intricate example involving an AC circuit with reactive elements. Consider an AC circuit with a voltage source (Vs) of 20 volts, a resistor (R) of 6 ohms, and an inductor (L) with an inductive reactance (X<span style="font-size: xx-small;">L</span>) of 8 ohms. Calculate the Maximum Power Transfer.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Solution:</b> To achieve maximum power transfer, we equate the load impedance (Z<span style="font-size: xx-small;">L</span>) to the complex conjugate of the source impedance (Z<span style="font-size: xx-small;">S</span>).</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\dpi{110}\bg{white}Z_{L}=Z_{S}^{\ast}" style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Using the formula for impedance in an AC circuit (Z = R + jX, where j represents the imaginary unit), we find the load impedance Z<span style="font-size: xx-small;">L</span> = 6 + j8 ohms. </div><div><br /></div><div>Consequently, the power transferred to the load is</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\dpi{110}\bg{white}P=\frac{V_{s}^{2}}{Z_{L}^{2}}" style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\dpi{110}\bg{white}or\;P=\frac{20^{2}}{\left|6+j8\right|^{2}}=2.5\;watts" style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Practical Applications of the Theorem</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><b>• Audio Systems and Speaker Impedance Matching:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>In audio systems, impedance matching is crucial to achieving optimal power transfer from amplifiers to speakers, ensuring clear and distortion-free sound reproduction.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>• Power Transmission Lines and Impedance Adjustment:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>In power transmission, maintaining impedance matching between the transmission lines and the connected loads maximizes energy transfer efficiency, reducing transmission losses.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>• Radio Frequency (RF) Circuit Design:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>In RF circuitry, where signal integrity is paramount, impedance matching ensures minimal signal reflections and maximum power transfer, critical for wireless communication devices and antennas.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Limitations of the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><b>• Losses in Electrical Circuits:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Real-world electrical circuits encounter various losses, including resistive losses, capacitive losses, and inductive losses, which may reduce power transfer efficiency.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>• Efficiency and Its Impact:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Efficiency is the ratio of power delivered to the load to the power supplied by the source. While impedance matching maximizes power transfer, it does not necessarily guarantee optimal efficiency.</div><div><br /></div><div>Also in certain scenarios, such as when power consumption is not the primary focus, the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem might not be the ideal approach. </div><div><br /></div><div>For instance, in situations where energy conservation is crucial, achieving maximum power transfer could lead to undesirable consequences, such as excessive heat dissipation or higher energy consumption.</div><div><br /></div><div>Moreover, in cases where the load impedance varies dynamically, attempting to maintain a constant impedance to match the source might not be practical. </div><div><br /></div><div>Real-world applications often involve fluctuating loads, and implementing dynamic impedance matching might prove challenging or uneconomical.</div><div><br /></div><div>Despite these limitations, the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem remains an essential tool in electrical engineering, particularly in scenarios where power efficiency and signal integrity are paramount.</div><div><br /></div><div>Engineers must carefully evaluate the specific requirements and constraints of each application to determine whether impedance matching aligns with the overarching goals.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Conclusion</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>In conclusion, the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is a fundamental principle that plays a critical role in electrical engineering. By understanding the concept of impedance matching and deriving the condition for maximum power transfer, engineers can optimize power delivery in various circuits, from simple resistive circuits to complex AC circuits.</div><div><br /></div><div>Through mathematical examples, we have seen how the theorem operates in practice, providing valuable insights into efficient power utilization. </div><div><br /></div><div>Practical applications, such as audio systems, power transmission lines, and RF circuit design, highlight the importance of the theorem in real-world scenarios.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, it is essential to acknowledge the limitations of the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem. In dynamic environments or when energy conservation takes precedence, impedance matching might not be the ideal approach. </div><div><br /></div><div>Engineers must carefully consider the trade-offs and assess the feasibility of implementing impedance matching for specific applications.</div><div><br /></div><div>In conclusion, the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem represents a powerful tool in the electrical engineer's toolkit, providing valuable guidance for optimizing power transfer and system efficiency. </div><div><br /></div><div>As technology continues to advance, the theorem's significance in modern electrical design remains steadfast, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable electrical systems in the future.</div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-81664608501693167032023-04-19T14:08:00.015+05:302023-10-01T13:44:12.326+05:30Atlearner Physics: Ultimate Guide to Mastering Physics<div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>"Unlock the Secrets of Physics"</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Here is a list of the chapters which include "<b>Basics & Advanced Physics</b>" with a brief discussion for each and <span style="color: red;">tutorial links</span>:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj91wFbNXbBmQWLa_rEdxVANhefhIUb1d_DFznrrDfTbXH1_UUkQC5sAH-Sq3ICoavDU7Lq0OyTMFdofwKLRhANYEuE2xgp3FfsuvzUn9g0d27UP1QXyt2GfOfbEwvpQDSC1XoAKsS7N7wuOEatN8PRt6XSl5niWKsBd6uMqnBUgfqmymJ12olX-_vI/s2667/Physics.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Atlearner Physics: An Ultimate Guide to Mastering Physics" border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="2667" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj91wFbNXbBmQWLa_rEdxVANhefhIUb1d_DFznrrDfTbXH1_UUkQC5sAH-Sq3ICoavDU7Lq0OyTMFdofwKLRhANYEuE2xgp3FfsuvzUn9g0d27UP1QXyt2GfOfbEwvpQDSC1XoAKsS7N7wuOEatN8PRt6XSl5niWKsBd6uMqnBUgfqmymJ12olX-_vI/w640-h360/Physics.png" title="Atlearner Physics: An Ultimate Guide to Mastering Physics" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: #fcff01; font-size: large;"><u>Physical World and Measurement</u></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEignT5gEURlEedS3v3DidUDEc5nx65MTvGpVwzrcmF1me7-apyLbWRkBLWDcG2Jr2HWbo-fD57FIy4kjhEAGNIBP3qLd0ymYEUmWwX_eJLXhGDWMweg-6RxOlPvnEu0zfkX_-fayy7aTPf_Ysr8SXBEelzfSoqK8pV6RDXN5XPMb72doFYns5IzPn1v/s48/Physical%20world.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEignT5gEURlEedS3v3DidUDEc5nx65MTvGpVwzrcmF1me7-apyLbWRkBLWDcG2Jr2HWbo-fD57FIy4kjhEAGNIBP3qLd0ymYEUmWwX_eJLXhGDWMweg-6RxOlPvnEu0zfkX_-fayy7aTPf_Ysr8SXBEelzfSoqK8pV6RDXN5XPMb72doFYns5IzPn1v/s1600/Physical%20world.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Physical World:</b> This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of physics and the scientific method. It covers the scope of physics and its relation to other sciences, as well as the various physical quantities and units of measurement. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b>A. Physical World</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="white-space: pre;">» </span><a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/04/what-is-physics.html" style="white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Physics?</span></a></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="white-space: pre;">» </span><a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/04/what-is-physics.html" style="white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is the Scientific Method?</span></a></div><span style="white-space: pre;"><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/04/what-is-physics.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Unification and Reduction?</span></a></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/04/what-is-physics.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Hypothesis in Physics?</span></a></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/04/what-is-physics.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Mathematics in Physics?</span></a></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/04/what-is-physics.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What are the Branches of Physics?</span></a></div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/04/what-is-physics.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Contributions, Discoveries, </span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/04/what-is-physics.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">and Inventions in Physics?</span></a></div></span></span></span></span><span style="white-space: pre;"><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/02/what-is-force.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Fundamental Forces in Nature?</span></a></div></span></span></div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnNJ23EJQAVyLo5DmDtzX1QYYslFtkxcePJ8C4t4-aYTWGrUSZNIEMwbtKUK3bByKfJSP3tEdK78Ijnu-K4B3-kKvJumL3gWMGKrurk7jOI_NXk5qZKxagLcoZ7BkFn-VrKUkpFw0x6ayTNzCeLsspnV6UrhloNUzlLBInJiMNSUGbxDubSGuGb7yr/s48/Units%20and%20measurement.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnNJ23EJQAVyLo5DmDtzX1QYYslFtkxcePJ8C4t4-aYTWGrUSZNIEMwbtKUK3bByKfJSP3tEdK78Ijnu-K4B3-kKvJumL3gWMGKrurk7jOI_NXk5qZKxagLcoZ7BkFn-VrKUkpFw0x6ayTNzCeLsspnV6UrhloNUzlLBInJiMNSUGbxDubSGuGb7yr/s1600/Units%20and%20measurement.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Units and Measurements:</b> This chapter goes into more depth about physical quantities and units of measurement, including the International System of Units (SI) and their use in making measurements. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>A. Units and Measurement</b></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/03/measurement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Measurement?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/03/measurement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is the Physical Quantity?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/03/measurement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What are the Fundamental Quantities?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/03/measurement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What are the Derived Quantities?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/03/measurement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is the Unit?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/03/measurement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What are the Fundamental Units?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/03/measurement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What are the Derived Units?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/03/measurement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Systems of Unit in Measurements?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/03/measurement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is the CGS System of Units?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/03/measurement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is the MKS System of Units?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/03/measurement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is the FPS System of Units?</span></a></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Measurement of Length</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Measurement of Mass</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Measurement of Time</span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Plane Angle?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Solid Angle?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Parallax Method?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Parallax Angle or Parallactic Angle.</span></div></div></div><div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b>B. Instruments</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Accuracy of Instruments?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Precision of Instruments?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What are Errors in Measurement?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What are Significant Figures?</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What are the Instruments Used for Measurement in Physics?</span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Main Scale</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Vernier Scale?</span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Least Count?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Screw Pitch?</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Vernier Caliper or Slide Caliper? How It is Used?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Screw Gauge? How It is Used?</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b>C. Dimensions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/12/dimensions-of-physical-quantities.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Dimension of Physical Quantities?</span></a></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/12/dimensions-of-physical-quantities.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Dimensional Formula?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/12/dimensions-of-physical-quantities.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is a Dimensional Equation?</span></a></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/12/dimensions-of-physical-quantities.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Dimensional Analysis And Its Applications</span></a></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div></span></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: #fcff01;"><u>Kinematics</u></b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXWP_Hlnxh0l_UsacVVJiNhlCj3EgaYjohjguHfj15osjqUn3KLCaciZsoCrU41gs-lYnV-qZX9Ithh_WjfxbP4DH6Zl_piPBKPdRBIyBr_yzO9lHe5m990TcHAM1yKuTLyH8kfoIXRkGErY0Acz4fcAmBMstTqy9XoNz_rIQrnDKPbi8BDLKhgF9B/s48/Motion-in-a-straight-line.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXWP_Hlnxh0l_UsacVVJiNhlCj3EgaYjohjguHfj15osjqUn3KLCaciZsoCrU41gs-lYnV-qZX9Ithh_WjfxbP4DH6Zl_piPBKPdRBIyBr_yzO9lHe5m990TcHAM1yKuTLyH8kfoIXRkGErY0Acz4fcAmBMstTqy9XoNz_rIQrnDKPbi8BDLKhgF9B/s1600/Motion-in-a-straight-line.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Motion in a Straight Line:</b> This chapter covers the basic kinematic concepts of motion, including displacement, velocity, and acceleration, and their relationship with time. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Frame of Reference?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is a Coordinate System?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is a Cartesian Coordinate System?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is 1-D Cartesian Coordinate System?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is 2-D Cartesian Coordinate System?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is 3-D Cartesian Coordinate System?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is a Polar Coordinate System?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is a Spherical Coordinate System?</div><div><div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">» What are Variable and Constant?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Function in Physics?</div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Why do We Use Summation in Maths/Physics?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Why do We Use Limits in Maths/Physics?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Differential Calculus?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Integral Calculus?</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Rectilinear Motion?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Translation?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Rotation?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Mixed Motion?</div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/09/distance-and-displacement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Distance?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/09/distance-and-displacement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Displacement?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/11/speed.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Speed?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Average Speed?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/11/speed.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Velocity?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Average Velocity?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Instantaneous Velocity?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Acceleration?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Average Acceleration?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Instantaneous Acceleration?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Different Types of Graphs</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Kinematic Equations for Constant Acceleration? </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Galileo’s law of odd numbers?</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnWa_xtQ17RkJ9lvzhp4IsaOCwKHoO-GlvvIc-LYdfhzPqZzqP34L_iCVK2xvGDRHO7Rr4VPV9GoeYaZKnJ-GImIi3nkTcpgatPM2kzOdK8joFgrRl8sj2WcZaMfAXSh8PRK_C1iuirPZ3M1ZBLXtBR8iQVKohnSQhY6e3RS07f4f_cR5y2uDPHM5S/s48/Motion-in-a-plane.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnWa_xtQ17RkJ9lvzhp4IsaOCwKHoO-GlvvIc-LYdfhzPqZzqP34L_iCVK2xvGDRHO7Rr4VPV9GoeYaZKnJ-GImIi3nkTcpgatPM2kzOdK8joFgrRl8sj2WcZaMfAXSh8PRK_C1iuirPZ3M1ZBLXtBR8iQVKohnSQhY6e3RS07f4f_cR5y2uDPHM5S/s1600/Motion-in-a-plane.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Motion in a Plane:</b> This chapter extends the kinematic concepts to two-dimensional motion, including projectile motion and circular motion, and also the explanation of coordinate systems, scalars, and vectors. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/09/scalars-and-vectors.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What are Scalars and Vectors in Physics?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Geometrical Representation of a vector</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Some facts about vector</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Equal vector?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Opposite vector?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Collinear Vector?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Coplanar Vector?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Unit Vector?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Zero or Null Vector?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Vector Addition ( Graphical and Analytical Method)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Vector Subtraction ( Graphical and Analytical Method)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Resultant Vector of two vectors</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Addition of Three or More Vectors (Law of Polygon of Vector)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Resolution of Vectors</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Representation of a vector in 2-D Coordinate System</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Position Vector?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Displacement Vector?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Magnitude and Direction of a Vector</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Relative Velocity?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Relative Acceleration?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Motion of a Boat on a River</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Product of a Scalar and a Vector</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Scalar or Dot Product?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Vector or Cross Product?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/10/projectile-motion.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Projectile Motion?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Uniform Circular Motion? Formulas</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: #fcff01; font-size: large;"><u>Laws of Motion</u></span></b></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoQH0KF62jYtw-Vu4K79Cda0UsDHrfU6Yj8-8w4f62btucZIleKr9yubv60iPMoPcRbro7GKlTeobcoqkUY-avOydbhyhh-OiHS7Qdi6VRR7Tn3SyONsWofEe69hwAgYvSis0gX_gLDAJoIDjBNmUnen4kGIaQeh54RJj5KR9g72l61KfOiDlJiaX0/s48/laws%20of%20motion.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoQH0KF62jYtw-Vu4K79Cda0UsDHrfU6Yj8-8w4f62btucZIleKr9yubv60iPMoPcRbro7GKlTeobcoqkUY-avOydbhyhh-OiHS7Qdi6VRR7Tn3SyONsWofEe69hwAgYvSis0gX_gLDAJoIDjBNmUnen4kGIaQeh54RJj5KR9g72l61KfOiDlJiaX0/s1600/laws%20of%20motion.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Laws of Motion:</b> This chapter introduces the three laws of motion proposed by Newton and their application to various physical scenarios. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b>A. Newton's Laws of Motion</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Newton's First Law of Motion?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/05/what-is-mass.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Mass?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What are the Units Mass?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Rest Mass and Relativistic Mass</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/inertia.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Inertia?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Inertia of Rest?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Inertia of Motion?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Rest and Motion?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Linear Motion?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Circular motion?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Inertial Frame of Reference?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Non-Inertial Frame of Reference</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/02/what-is-force.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Force?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What are the Units Force?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What are the Types of Forces?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Newton's Second Law of Motion?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/10/what-is-momentum.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Linear Momentum?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/10/what-is-momentum.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Acceleration?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Weight?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Apparent Weight?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Impulsive Force?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Force of Impulsion?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Newton's Third Law of Motion?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» </span><span>Different Types of Action-Reaction </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>( Thrust, Tention, Push, Pull, Collision, Attraction, Repulsion, Friction)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» How do Rockets go in Space?</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b>B. Friction</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/09/frictional-force.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Friction?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/09/frictional-force.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Static Friction?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/09/frictional-force.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Kinetic Friction?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/09/frictional-force.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Rolling Friction?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Equilibrium of a Body on an Inclined Plane</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Acceleration of a Body on an Inclined Plane</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Advantages and Disadvantages of Friction</div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b>C. Circular Motion</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Circular Motion?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Angular Displacement?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Angular Velocity?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Instantaneous Angular Velocity?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Angular Acceleration?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Instantaneous Angular Acceleration?</div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Centripetal Force?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Centrifugal Force?</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Motion of a car on a level road</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Motion of a car on a banked road</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #fcff01; font-size: large;"><u><b>Work, Energy, and Power</b></u></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht_R2zixuBL2eWa6TckbfEjzAO14t5yVD2LCGYVQuDbtEgAYnT_pnU1oLu0X6iA5BEBYZoqLLiPn6EmT3m40XM_jK0egjq03ctQ4cs7D4QeCakJyarMsC5Ba1EivmC31sRM502qxBaWs5KS8ak0VluntAecYXix3In8KHEkbSzAjp2ujKAmQMrV0NW/s48/Work%20energy%20and%20power.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht_R2zixuBL2eWa6TckbfEjzAO14t5yVD2LCGYVQuDbtEgAYnT_pnU1oLu0X6iA5BEBYZoqLLiPn6EmT3m40XM_jK0egjq03ctQ4cs7D4QeCakJyarMsC5Ba1EivmC31sRM502qxBaWs5KS8ak0VluntAecYXix3In8KHEkbSzAjp2ujKAmQMrV0NW/s1600/Work%20energy%20and%20power.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Work, Energy, and Power:</b> This chapter covers the concepts of work, energy, and power, and their relationship with each other. It also includes the principle of conservation of energy. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b>A. Work</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Work?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is No Work Force?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Work Done Due to Constant Force?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Work Done Due to Variable Force?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span>B. Energy</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/09/what-is-energy.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Energy?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What are the Units of Energy?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Types of Energy</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Dissipation of Energy?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Efficiency of a Machine?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Mechanical Energy?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Conservative Force?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Non-Conservative Force?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Conservation of Mechanical Energy?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Kinetic Energy?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Potential Energy?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Gravitational Potential Energy</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Potential Energy of a Spring</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Work-Energy Theorem?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Work-Energy Theorem For a Variable Force?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Mass-Energy Equivalence</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Collison - Elastic and Inelastic Collision</span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Collisions in One Dimension</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Collisions in Two Dimension</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span>C. Power</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Power?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What are the Units of Power?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Horse Power (H.P)?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div></span></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #fcff01; font-size: large;"><u><b>Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body</b></u></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz5tIVcKrP3-l_Pjs4PXcihnI95aaZRq0knMfEPlIdN8508mtm99eh5UQQKyJgS_ONdw9AS3-lZWE95SyBc4FblT7_jHsj6ib92NZesdrGBE6YscklhK2c0ooYtQc2FkVi6hKXzf7PJZde_HageLoh6c827LmARP__SIGw6x82HjFy0_CgGXTfJw7S/s48/Rotational%20motion%201.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz5tIVcKrP3-l_Pjs4PXcihnI95aaZRq0knMfEPlIdN8508mtm99eh5UQQKyJgS_ONdw9AS3-lZWE95SyBc4FblT7_jHsj6ib92NZesdrGBE6YscklhK2c0ooYtQc2FkVi6hKXzf7PJZde_HageLoh6c827LmARP__SIGw6x82HjFy0_CgGXTfJw7S/s1600/Rotational%20motion%201.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>System of Particles and Rotational Motion:</b> This chapter deals with the motion of systems of particles and their rotational motion. It includes concepts such as the center of mass, torque, and angular momentum. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b>A. Statics</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What are Rigid Bodies?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Centre of Mass (C.M)?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Centre of Mass of a Two-Particle System</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Centre of Mass of an Infinite-Particle System</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Position of the Centre of Mass of Different Bodies</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Motion of Centre of Mass (C.M)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Linear Momentum of a System of Particles</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b>A. Rotation of Rigid Bodies</b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Linear Velocity?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Angular Velocity?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Linear Velocity?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Relation Between Linear Velocity And Angular Velocity</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Torque (or Moment of Force)?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Units and Dimension of Torque (or Moment of Force)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Equilibrium of a Body ( Conditions for Equilibrium)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Moment of Couple?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Principle of Moments?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Moment of Inertia?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Units and Dimension of Moment of Inertia</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Moment of Inertia?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Moment of Inertia of Different Types of Homogeneous, Symmetrical Bodies?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Radius of Gyration?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Parallel-Axis Theorem?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Perpendicular-Axis Theorem?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Application of Parallel-Axis Theorem and Perpendicular-Axis Theorem?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Rotational Kinetic Energy?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is Angular Momentum?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Units and Dimension of Angular Momentum?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Relation Between Linear Momentum And Angular Momentum</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Relation Between Angular Momentum and Torque</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Laws of Conservation Angular Momentum?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Comparison Between Linear Motion And Angular Motion</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» What is the Centre of Gravity (C.G)?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Determining the position of the center of gravity</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Position of the Centre of Gravity of Different Bodies</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» Difference Between Centre of Mass (C.M) and Centre of Gravity (C.G)</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: #fcff01;"><u>Gravitation</u></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs07Mrp8UnYc2ALYEtsBjRvU3AbUEOQnFeW6VGgpZehPPFagByxIJjfGGafustt2P3IAjk4YYsj0PS1PwQ9tC6r4HG2PCgRmAPif6seYrOUWCnbtza0SAODQhObMcRZ7Fezgzs8m2f19m3oMTuXqgOrLI1-BEhgsvpPRxkraDeQtu2Fgo6YFomcYKk/s48/Gravitation.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs07Mrp8UnYc2ALYEtsBjRvU3AbUEOQnFeW6VGgpZehPPFagByxIJjfGGafustt2P3IAjk4YYsj0PS1PwQ9tC6r4HG2PCgRmAPif6seYrOUWCnbtza0SAODQhObMcRZ7Fezgzs8m2f19m3oMTuXqgOrLI1-BEhgsvpPRxkraDeQtu2Fgo6YFomcYKk/s1600/Gravitation.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Gravitation:</b> This chapter covers the concept of gravitation and its application to various physical systems, including the gravitational field, potential, and orbits. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>A. Newton's Laws of Gravitation</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/12/newtons-law-of-gravitation.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Gravitation?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/12/newtons-law-of-gravitation.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Newton's Law of </span></a></span><a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/12/newtons-law-of-gravitation.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Gravitation?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/12/what-is-gravitational-field.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is </span></a></span><a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/12/what-is-gravitational-field.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Gravitational Field?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/12/what-is-gravitational-potential.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is </span></a></span><a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/12/what-is-gravitational-potential.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Gravitational Potential?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-gravity.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is </span></a></span><a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-gravity.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Gravity?</span></a></span></div><div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/acceleration-due-to-gravity.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Acceleration due to Gravity</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/variation-in-acceleration-due-to-gravity.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Variations in Acceleration due to gravity</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/variation-in-acceleration-due-to-gravity.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Variation in Acceleration due to gravity with Heights</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/variation-in-acceleration-due-to-gravity.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Variation in Acceleration due to gravity with Depth</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Effect of Earth's Ellipsoidal Surface in Gravity</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Effect of Earth's Diurnal Motion in Gravity</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Motion of Planets and Satellites</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span>B. Kepler's Laws of </span>Gravitation</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/12/kepler-laws.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What are Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion?</span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is the Orbital Velocity of Planets?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is the Periodic Revolution of Planets?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Orbital Angular Velocity?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Useful Data Related to Gravitation</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Mass of the Sun</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Mass of the Earth</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Gravitational Attraction Between the Sun and the Moon</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Gravitational Attraction Between the Earth and the Moon</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>C. Gravitational Potential Energy</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Gravitational Potential Energy</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/10/what-is-escape-velocity.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Escape Velocity?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/10/what-is-artificial-satellite.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Artificial Satellite?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Use of Artificial Satellite</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Geostationary or Parking Orbit?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Geostationary Satellite</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Orbital Velocity and Hight of Geostationary Orbit</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Polar Satellite</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Geosynchronous Satellite</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Orbital Velocity and Periodic Revolution of an Artificial Satellite</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Energy of an Artificial Satellite</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Potential Energy of an Artificial Satellite</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Kinetic Energy of an Artificial Satellite</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Total Energy of an Artificial Satellite</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Weightlessness in Artificial Satellite</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCBqioZRJs6SPVIiNeawLAKQVLMK5baEkG8ka1Hg8hYHCFkDT_ARIJs2QCh97XAfR0GSkvEiEe4OlULdKTDDTIGA194MOjUn94PQmu-AOTFqHOwEmwTzROMtzX8HF7EtZffisYVpZziZnB6eIETcnBi6eDH-MZ7pfx84fjCq7tIiN6knlkEZYQtiDm/s48/Mechanical%20Properties%20of%20Solids.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCBqioZRJs6SPVIiNeawLAKQVLMK5baEkG8ka1Hg8hYHCFkDT_ARIJs2QCh97XAfR0GSkvEiEe4OlULdKTDDTIGA194MOjUn94PQmu-AOTFqHOwEmwTzROMtzX8HF7EtZffisYVpZziZnB6eIETcnBi6eDH-MZ7pfx84fjCq7tIiN6knlkEZYQtiDm/s1600/Mechanical%20Properties%20of%20Solids.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Mechanical Properties of Solids:</b> This chapter deals with the mechanical properties of solids, including stress, strain, and elasticity. It also includes the behavior of solids under different types of stress. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd4MtSH4uBh2P-DeLUptHXmxbJwQ5FvpWqTPf8DJgZhWynzVH13uF-SvEmJTUzr_d-aH8p1iV1umWaybST6Dbw0-ePZTfsmalV-GRrNGzMN_L6hNvwgCxPS3LsnYLC3tkTi_LcVhbwb0FoG4D0ZT0yq9ae8LeK9hEWkG_WgV_OOS7IHNi9FqoY_K98/s48/Mechanical%20Properties%20of%20Fluids1.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="49" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd4MtSH4uBh2P-DeLUptHXmxbJwQ5FvpWqTPf8DJgZhWynzVH13uF-SvEmJTUzr_d-aH8p1iV1umWaybST6Dbw0-ePZTfsmalV-GRrNGzMN_L6hNvwgCxPS3LsnYLC3tkTi_LcVhbwb0FoG4D0ZT0yq9ae8LeK9hEWkG_WgV_OOS7IHNi9FqoY_K98/w49-h49/Mechanical%20Properties%20of%20Fluids1.png" width="49" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Mechanical Properties of Fluids:</b> This chapter covers the mechanical properties of fluids, including pressure, viscosity, and surface tension. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmywPlmXu3CBygUa7xtGDaoRcBs3iNgWaEEAZgeUBU7KNdgp1w2nKy2c1NBnZc_5T5fqzMzmJbmerH63AlaQXIggUQeOE7Sv7dPOvyh2ce7nyfBL7FwfjZq4tiyL2OmsbknIdKscLOnqDlW7qKGoCvacl9qYCPMi92aRNbEd_OUFDK5JMpjdNakUQ1/s48/Thermal%20Properties%20of%20Matter.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmywPlmXu3CBygUa7xtGDaoRcBs3iNgWaEEAZgeUBU7KNdgp1w2nKy2c1NBnZc_5T5fqzMzmJbmerH63AlaQXIggUQeOE7Sv7dPOvyh2ce7nyfBL7FwfjZq4tiyL2OmsbknIdKscLOnqDlW7qKGoCvacl9qYCPMi92aRNbEd_OUFDK5JMpjdNakUQ1/s1600/Thermal%20Properties%20of%20Matter.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Thermal Properties of Matter:</b> This chapter deals with the thermal properties of matter, including temperature, heat, and specific heat capacity. It also includes the laws of thermodynamics. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/05/conductor-insulator-semiconductor.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">C<span style="text-align: left;">onductor Insulator, and Semiconductor</span></span></a></div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikqCcyPJx8_0TfMXSRQrdXRJfiNUsM3Dt7ywed96Q8YFDM3GDFe5Hn1OWSf5FKEE4Ed78gdbrIQPpLcLFR253VbPpeonuw95KsMO0A1gho5OS-Sa2UcV1jSAVlroYrzQ3JWGXEd2LynhBZoWs5WPjVwCWqHW13PdQ4B6W7hifH500Ygp3abPW42lge/s48/Thermodynamics.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikqCcyPJx8_0TfMXSRQrdXRJfiNUsM3Dt7ywed96Q8YFDM3GDFe5Hn1OWSf5FKEE4Ed78gdbrIQPpLcLFR253VbPpeonuw95KsMO0A1gho5OS-Sa2UcV1jSAVlroYrzQ3JWGXEd2LynhBZoWs5WPjVwCWqHW13PdQ4B6W7hifH500Ygp3abPW42lge/s1600/Thermodynamics.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Thermodynamics:</b> This chapter goes into more depth about the laws of thermodynamics and their application to various physical systems. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg25YTNBqz94Abnp_gjoMgQzYUu9anXv2d-GvyEVstSraixA60a51q5ZmSHptqZMbaBNGT1qERq0JC7SVV9ttJVGLoW6pi4JYgReTXNvgHE3pAfgUW4PVChG08m9vE06rCpS-XR3jUYJD2bU2TKO3MYnfajFaFaDQF_RXeGFQ6RNfKEchKflcEAfhzd/s48/Kinetic%20Theory.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg25YTNBqz94Abnp_gjoMgQzYUu9anXv2d-GvyEVstSraixA60a51q5ZmSHptqZMbaBNGT1qERq0JC7SVV9ttJVGLoW6pi4JYgReTXNvgHE3pAfgUW4PVChG08m9vE06rCpS-XR3jUYJD2bU2TKO3MYnfajFaFaDQF_RXeGFQ6RNfKEchKflcEAfhzd/s1600/Kinetic%20Theory.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Kinetic Theory:</b> This chapter covers the kinetic theory of gases and their application to various physical phenomena. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Pmvo4zY3NxmTC5TMVdiNnTbL0HAy_bCpEl6NHv3oeK_55U20VCVSXXl9OM0RON-llqZPXpx2Lbvde56H2vt4Z3MN133jROCT9AgCv7y7Qo8WYBnnPksj-yjjudBANasdDY5mt8MfQFlen6AG1NImsNb5JnExcVZliSGLWTqxGVcjgOGuXMZJfQKL/s48/Oscillations.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Pmvo4zY3NxmTC5TMVdiNnTbL0HAy_bCpEl6NHv3oeK_55U20VCVSXXl9OM0RON-llqZPXpx2Lbvde56H2vt4Z3MN133jROCT9AgCv7y7Qo8WYBnnPksj-yjjudBANasdDY5mt8MfQFlen6AG1NImsNb5JnExcVZliSGLWTqxGVcjgOGuXMZJfQKL/s1600/Oscillations.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Oscillations:</b> This chapter deals with the basic concepts of oscillations and their types, including simple harmonic motion. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRLjQc-esgBk-Zq_XCbE4-iVxjwwsBGQ8vZH9FKjzrBGm31KD6wEpKYmJZ548kyyo12rmS2t0b7O6nKRwUFrAp6h5Tx3GPf02ipWXmeahFi-Xhsv6dL7OlgC4MJVJrJlp80uPZWPzj2FYJu9W0UfJjqWX4bpd2XNODKRCQWj1UyunDJUF1RAADPoJ2/s48/Waves.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRLjQc-esgBk-Zq_XCbE4-iVxjwwsBGQ8vZH9FKjzrBGm31KD6wEpKYmJZ548kyyo12rmS2t0b7O6nKRwUFrAp6h5Tx3GPf02ipWXmeahFi-Xhsv6dL7OlgC4MJVJrJlp80uPZWPzj2FYJu9W0UfJjqWX4bpd2XNODKRCQWj1UyunDJUF1RAADPoJ2/s1600/Waves.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Waves:</b> This chapter covers the properties of waves, including their classification, propagation, and superposition. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP5pPKAVA9vrQRmxYOnxLjwMWMdd_WOS3_wu9s9sP0X0T7_LVpjqtEZBvMILNVYSLpsfLFCbGzuHpLIslYiFzWnEHTSR9ykBjrvgOQzk6M5R1wiPsfSU74Xx6Zp6B9hjIJ6Sh_7KY4mKawZVSVbofDyALLwrEo-kvSTg4ZaWTt8_C0tiVjF3coz4o4/s48/Electric%20Charges.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP5pPKAVA9vrQRmxYOnxLjwMWMdd_WOS3_wu9s9sP0X0T7_LVpjqtEZBvMILNVYSLpsfLFCbGzuHpLIslYiFzWnEHTSR9ykBjrvgOQzk6M5R1wiPsfSU74Xx6Zp6B9hjIJ6Sh_7KY4mKawZVSVbofDyALLwrEo-kvSTg4ZaWTt8_C0tiVjF3coz4o4/s1600/Electric%20Charges.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Electric Charges and Fields:</b> This chapter introduces the concept of electric charges, Coulomb's law, and the electric field. It also covers the concept of electric potential and potential energy. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: #fcff01;"><u>Electrostatics</u></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJfPz98qzID_soLTm5aeilhNidp17hIV7Rly3E9cT-UzEV-ovssDu2JZVCrCyn6ucemRdUSGSaZUtH3WYaLwHbry2TRP6a0mVv8BsXflA2VCghThtTQu_sjgHztXE0auOjImJlj5RCxWFje8d25xcpNHtXbRorTDVbawP92tmQJspwjeZHu-7EbETh/s48/Electrostatic%20Potential%20and%20Capacitance.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJfPz98qzID_soLTm5aeilhNidp17hIV7Rly3E9cT-UzEV-ovssDu2JZVCrCyn6ucemRdUSGSaZUtH3WYaLwHbry2TRP6a0mVv8BsXflA2VCghThtTQu_sjgHztXE0auOjImJlj5RCxWFje8d25xcpNHtXbRorTDVbawP92tmQJspwjeZHu-7EbETh/s1600/Electrostatic%20Potential%20and%20Capacitance.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance:</b> This chapter delves deeper into electric potential and capacitance. It covers the concepts of dielectrics, capacitors, and their applications. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b><span>A. </span><span>Electric Charges and Fields</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Electric Charge?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Quantisation of Charge?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Principle of Conservation of Charge</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/04/what-is-the-unit-of-electric-charge.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is the Unit of Electric Charge?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Electrification?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Gold Leaf Electroscope</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Electrostatic Induction</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Conductor?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Insulator?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/05/what-is-semiconductor.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Semiconductor?</span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/04/what-is-coulombs-law.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Coulomb's Law?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/04/permittivity-of-free-space.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is the Permittivity of Free Space?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Dielectric Constant of a Medium?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/04/vector-form-of-coulombs-law.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is the Vector form of Coulomb's Law?</span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Forces Between Multiple Charges</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Principle of Superposition in Electrostatics</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Continuous Charge Distribution</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Electric Field?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Electric Field Intensity?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Electric Field Intensity due to a Point Charge</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What are Electric Field Lines?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Electric Dipole?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Electric Dipole Moment?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Electric Field due to an Electric Dipole</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Torque on a Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Work Done to Deflect a Dipole in an Electric Field</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Potential Energy a Dipole</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Area Vector?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Solid Angle?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Electric Flux?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Gauss's Theorem?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» Application of Gauss's Theorem</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b><span>B. </span><span>Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: #fcff01;">Current Electricity</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ElFWTC0-gYVMixg9icAqUzuIua5nqlNWa63i77wEw0JUWE4rMJDaubLm_qhMm_vY0b5_UHvd5oNcSaDJwLZr0IXfO8gaS0TzwGW6lwUhFPwqPB-hp2YK51ylXHXqkK83cceqj0XcdHfTBwZBX_9GSmuMdZdfaB-d3nnOky0X9PY3SdxNZ1KoSRKD/s48/electricity.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ElFWTC0-gYVMixg9icAqUzuIua5nqlNWa63i77wEw0JUWE4rMJDaubLm_qhMm_vY0b5_UHvd5oNcSaDJwLZr0IXfO8gaS0TzwGW6lwUhFPwqPB-hp2YK51ylXHXqkK83cceqj0XcdHfTBwZBX_9GSmuMdZdfaB-d3nnOky0X9PY3SdxNZ1KoSRKD/s1600/electricity.png" width="48" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Current Electricity:</b> This chapter covers the basics of electric current, its measurement, and its effects. It also covers the concepts of resistance, Ohm's law, and electric power. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Electric Charge?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/04/what-is-the-unit-of-electric-charge.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Units of Electric Charge?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What are Free Electrons?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Current?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Drift Current?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Voltage?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Resistance?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Resistor?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Types of resistors?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Resistor color code?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is EMF?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Electric Cell?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Battery?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Alternating Current (AC)?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Direct Current (DC)?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Ohm's Law?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Short Circuit?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Live, Neutral, and Earth Wires</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Ammeter?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Voltmeter?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Galvanometer?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What are Kirchhoff's Laws?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Potentiometer?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Wheatstone Bridge</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Meter Bridge?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is Electric Power?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Electric Fuse?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Circuit Breaker?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What is kWh?</div><div style="text-align: justify;">» What are Electrical Ratings?</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHXxMMieLtozg6ZG2UrZ_6cu0IQKReX-sUemK7eqih9g2HrqkEPESZAAVv1N_4AzLa0W7vyzcUw-D6yHUL65VUjI0SFPiQLI17gZgo4Q3HB8FyBebg8YleEc3kZv6FtgbHMRhfQoBDpq27BPUQE70evezb5hh6ARwF3qgyY-UqmnjsfNGGX5uta7Qj/s48/Moving%20Charges%20and%20Magnetism.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHXxMMieLtozg6ZG2UrZ_6cu0IQKReX-sUemK7eqih9g2HrqkEPESZAAVv1N_4AzLa0W7vyzcUw-D6yHUL65VUjI0SFPiQLI17gZgo4Q3HB8FyBebg8YleEc3kZv6FtgbHMRhfQoBDpq27BPUQE70evezb5hh6ARwF3qgyY-UqmnjsfNGGX5uta7Qj/s1600/Moving%20Charges%20and%20Magnetism.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Moving Charges and Magnetism:</b> This chapter deals with the concept of magnetic fields, their sources, and their properties. It also covers the motion of charged particles in a magnetic field. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPFicNuNWLdM2mdrXSqwHbrJXFEKqYDO4YJT__vsM27szO2UOKz1zjy_W0Xf6QhM5IiRHnlu4CqcX78FSqRtXEIh1dbq-DQ16nSvS-pJLu4X4PLwHPFOP08iwM2vRUbtJ8fZpqCRyfhB7E04QQcI8XUrY3ApnWYoiT1dJQ-WoqgX-HxdH5MnXYGqE2/s48/Magnetism%20and%20Matter.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPFicNuNWLdM2mdrXSqwHbrJXFEKqYDO4YJT__vsM27szO2UOKz1zjy_W0Xf6QhM5IiRHnlu4CqcX78FSqRtXEIh1dbq-DQ16nSvS-pJLu4X4PLwHPFOP08iwM2vRUbtJ8fZpqCRyfhB7E04QQcI8XUrY3ApnWYoiT1dJQ-WoqgX-HxdH5MnXYGqE2/s1600/Magnetism%20and%20Matter.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Magnetism and Matter:</b> This chapter covers the magnetic properties of materials, magnetic materials, and the concept of magnetic hysteresis. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJF7oY8Uho4hnqiOUHCiEIWpQJiPKE1fG-jT_um8tnyXSq7JKLEo7z1c29nzjMJyZYu0MsAbap-6fBD6JxMI7dAWrgwXv4atM9k69ZE8HgAv2o5Y6b59xsru1t1vCmyZUwes7_XyTHyzjMqMQCmIDyMPRlm_xgiAJI3zKF1RByKQur0kmrKSmVCGnk/s48/Electromagnetic%20Induction.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJF7oY8Uho4hnqiOUHCiEIWpQJiPKE1fG-jT_um8tnyXSq7JKLEo7z1c29nzjMJyZYu0MsAbap-6fBD6JxMI7dAWrgwXv4atM9k69ZE8HgAv2o5Y6b59xsru1t1vCmyZUwes7_XyTHyzjMqMQCmIDyMPRlm_xgiAJI3zKF1RByKQur0kmrKSmVCGnk/s1600/Electromagnetic%20Induction.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Electromagnetic Induction:</b> This chapter deals with the concept of electromagnetic induction, Faraday's law, and Lenz's law. It also covers the concept of self and mutual induction. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO8X4FuiKdpAXCsEkH376aHBRmz6IQOkuclVXQP7AfAk1FFG-eVtrnQt8w1kAiLCif39SmD3fwJxCrQ2QaWjkhz9vUVL9GWc9C3A3swvnjsVqVgOPaejYT4zQaxrBDfcxZDeIgFFs0TAE-qocgHGmp7VI5m08UarSiEK7ZdQQ9yrCci99DTUEkhJMZ/s48/Alternating%20Current.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO8X4FuiKdpAXCsEkH376aHBRmz6IQOkuclVXQP7AfAk1FFG-eVtrnQt8w1kAiLCif39SmD3fwJxCrQ2QaWjkhz9vUVL9GWc9C3A3swvnjsVqVgOPaejYT4zQaxrBDfcxZDeIgFFs0TAE-qocgHGmp7VI5m08UarSiEK7ZdQQ9yrCci99DTUEkhJMZ/s1600/Alternating%20Current.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Alternating Current:</b> This chapter covers the basics of AC circuits, including peak and RMS values, power, and reactance. It also covers the concept of resonance and quality factors. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXoCEgEvTtmCT3gL6ejUJJnBNQqkw-_vuCLB2NdXpy0zEtizkbuk3e-2kpIpJCPCbN5n3yjQTf9zs3SuioZoN_mtka30J1cpZjGyWnfcC7t0OagRhplub3sjkQQU3VGJvx-Oxiny1IHLDMOAoo8vmOfVhyn5CTKQx0rC63tV22Yl1Xe4XnEjK_tDZ-/s48/Electromagnetic%20Waves.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXoCEgEvTtmCT3gL6ejUJJnBNQqkw-_vuCLB2NdXpy0zEtizkbuk3e-2kpIpJCPCbN5n3yjQTf9zs3SuioZoN_mtka30J1cpZjGyWnfcC7t0OagRhplub3sjkQQU3VGJvx-Oxiny1IHLDMOAoo8vmOfVhyn5CTKQx0rC63tV22Yl1Xe4XnEjK_tDZ-/s1600/Electromagnetic%20Waves.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Electromagnetic Waves:</b> This chapter deals with the properties of electromagnetic waves, including their nature, sources, and propagation. It also covers the concept of the electromagnetic spectrum. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/03/what-is-electromagnetic-radiation.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Electromagnetic Radiation?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/06/What-is-Electromagnetic-Spectrum.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Electromagnetic Spectrum?</span></a></div><div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSXO7jLQnKBo0MQw6jehCgWTHQeHPWLf_a2O5-AaUZ5RDdwnHkGka6xR0bywYPcIblPpUcHWnHAb5XqNgn19Dmeek1SeQIhLwLEACEhEiy_y1SfFN_gl746koA5jBT0aWMHYQai9VedhcUtCWOSJsJRciCAoAmUhU2jGNSIZFjhF0wYKL3aHBJC5LG/s48/Ray%20Optics%20and%20Optical%20Instruments.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSXO7jLQnKBo0MQw6jehCgWTHQeHPWLf_a2O5-AaUZ5RDdwnHkGka6xR0bywYPcIblPpUcHWnHAb5XqNgn19Dmeek1SeQIhLwLEACEhEiy_y1SfFN_gl746koA5jBT0aWMHYQai9VedhcUtCWOSJsJRciCAoAmUhU2jGNSIZFjhF0wYKL3aHBJC5LG/s1600/Ray%20Optics%20and%20Optical%20Instruments.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ray Optics and Optical Instruments</b>: This chapter deals with the nature and propagation of light, reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It also covers the various optical instruments and their working. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/01/light.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Light?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/02/reflection-of-light.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Reflection of Light?</span></a></div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYYfP5c6pSiumDltqli9zHn62P1nDkM26XLxX9FzDIWcK5dJZdAwWcWk6Ry2aGQ-u92Cd7tNaJxj0puuQ6s3grxgTd_xjzXUpmjjN55AZP28-bbPqTSib5bsPnqZJOfH8rDcc8rmAaW17Fh15ebS87X40jwo1p0efDKUQd-oJaJGVUKEURN775nTsL/s48/Wave%20Optics.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYYfP5c6pSiumDltqli9zHn62P1nDkM26XLxX9FzDIWcK5dJZdAwWcWk6Ry2aGQ-u92Cd7tNaJxj0puuQ6s3grxgTd_xjzXUpmjjN55AZP28-bbPqTSib5bsPnqZJOfH8rDcc8rmAaW17Fh15ebS87X40jwo1p0efDKUQd-oJaJGVUKEURN775nTsL/s1600/Wave%20Optics.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Wave Optics:</b> This chapter deals with the wave nature of light and the phenomenon of interference, diffraction, and polarization. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/01/light.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Light?</span></a></div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQow19VotbR4wgiRjKAIaE6VOxfJQT5Ew-TIQ5DJxExJIIiz7KdRYWmFicTYq5f3A8Ppn_pPdDt0I5dArw4TpyhS05oyIRO8KZsLz_hkz2fwzDqlgiEcMQM6kruaOaiKgycAktf_fBkcU1sxM0g4Gve1O5ga1kG2JMjjxskma-9WVpVKl4tmd2HRFV/s48/Dual%20Nature%20of%20Radiation%20and%20Matter.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQow19VotbR4wgiRjKAIaE6VOxfJQT5Ew-TIQ5DJxExJIIiz7KdRYWmFicTYq5f3A8Ppn_pPdDt0I5dArw4TpyhS05oyIRO8KZsLz_hkz2fwzDqlgiEcMQM6kruaOaiKgycAktf_fBkcU1sxM0g4Gve1O5ga1kG2JMjjxskma-9WVpVKl4tmd2HRFV/s1600/Dual%20Nature%20of%20Radiation%20and%20Matter.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter:</b> This chapter covers the concept of the dual nature of matter and radiation, de Broglie wavelength, the photoelectric effect, and the Davisson-Germer experiment. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/09/what-is-matter.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Matter?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/09/what-is-energy.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Energy</span></a></div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXsDbFDBZJz9yS4kVolE9jGpc_vvQVwi0nsghhmWQchhX_qdt4B_rnxymejFi3jdl3Q0HoPWl5Yf5GxFFhGSG0oIiYXc1dh84Z-PjJGj3wpcbldN4u7JsA7igjjrrV0KuJZax3l3xA9y2Cn_Xav2ugG4bMwwOkg5DrCFWzAgrTDMJaeLcFl4St8SlM/s48/Atoms.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXsDbFDBZJz9yS4kVolE9jGpc_vvQVwi0nsghhmWQchhX_qdt4B_rnxymejFi3jdl3Q0HoPWl5Yf5GxFFhGSG0oIiYXc1dh84Z-PjJGj3wpcbldN4u7JsA7igjjrrV0KuJZax3l3xA9y2Cn_Xav2ugG4bMwwOkg5DrCFWzAgrTDMJaeLcFl4St8SlM/s1600/Atoms.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Atoms:</b> This chapter covers the structure of atoms, Bohr's model, and the quantum mechanical model of the atom. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/09/what-is-matter.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Matter?</span></a></div><div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/09/what-is-energy.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Energy</span></a></div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQDHOcEAMpvGi-7guef6duOVK3ofgJ4lAJD1_vrXO2mvpMHu5QIMspb01zsh73cHyrwDSGrLHDv9_hLXP4yMiZ2gxDsBGfOHTxLSL_x8yHIHgEvHN4_XPF94_rQK0i9dfeMGbL-1WI7vSkIuL-1H-3eZI6AwJWdTRJ3jNlnTZcyuwiOjOnlqk5OD_3/s48/Nuclei.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQDHOcEAMpvGi-7guef6duOVK3ofgJ4lAJD1_vrXO2mvpMHu5QIMspb01zsh73cHyrwDSGrLHDv9_hLXP4yMiZ2gxDsBGfOHTxLSL_x8yHIHgEvHN4_XPF94_rQK0i9dfeMGbL-1WI7vSkIuL-1H-3eZI6AwJWdTRJ3jNlnTZcyuwiOjOnlqk5OD_3/s1600/Nuclei.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Nuclei:</b> This chapter deals with the structure of the nucleus, nuclear forces, radioactive decay, and nuclear reactions. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/03/what-is-radioactivity.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Radioactivity?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/05/what-is-radioactive-decay.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Radioactive Decay?</span></a></div><div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/05/what-is-nuclear-fission.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Nuclear Fission?</span></a></div><div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div></div></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGu8-aE4HMl4B5kgq2EaOwwBscbApG_MJN904jP6gu7fZwpxBnvR7Dl8uWNmonXNkZJ6RVNX1fF0Jw10V3jC8uV-_xa5G39JxRrHUAxf0ERoSSZIK5op2oEvAZoRANXOJdZsDy8a2mljFUR2iw9ovj7GYGZDvA-8exclLmJZv3E-yvGjhehFCOf1XX/s48/Semiconductor%20Electronics.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGu8-aE4HMl4B5kgq2EaOwwBscbApG_MJN904jP6gu7fZwpxBnvR7Dl8uWNmonXNkZJ6RVNX1fF0Jw10V3jC8uV-_xa5G39JxRrHUAxf0ERoSSZIK5op2oEvAZoRANXOJdZsDy8a2mljFUR2iw9ovj7GYGZDvA-8exclLmJZv3E-yvGjhehFCOf1XX/s1600/Semiconductor%20Electronics.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Semiconductor Electronics:</b> This chapter covers the basics of semiconductors, p-n junction diodes, and their applications as a rectifier, oscillators, and amplifiers. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/05/what-is-semiconductor.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Semiconductor?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/pn-junction-diode.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is PN Junction Diode?</span></a></div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBFBghMkw27tHvWy0i08vCiFsDxSkmWPfeARkoYeZs00c-JSpyX1Sduc8Mw_ym54oafhJEBwN0zV2nB65ty56B29_zaB6m1MyWjOznc2xFYRj6cg-1WaVsaiaTAdKnYbuqLBnMkqun4hW_BZL6TPn4KXMQ2w0tc_f9HgCNGlz829MhOHJrj-DZMFEQ/s48/Communication%20Systems.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBFBghMkw27tHvWy0i08vCiFsDxSkmWPfeARkoYeZs00c-JSpyX1Sduc8Mw_ym54oafhJEBwN0zV2nB65ty56B29_zaB6m1MyWjOznc2xFYRj6cg-1WaVsaiaTAdKnYbuqLBnMkqun4hW_BZL6TPn4KXMQ2w0tc_f9HgCNGlz829MhOHJrj-DZMFEQ/s1600/Communication%20Systems.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Communication Systems:</b> This chapter covers the basics of communication systems, including modulation and demodulation, amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and wave propagation. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: #fcff01;">Advanced Physics</b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5-tr-sTa8yUUfAHubPNiYUETWmO-L1TpqkSZBK2hItgiCQ02kYnOrf6Mrmj1PKtcmGo5HMBRpFKMGVUZpLCbFN9305eOOxWk59JHBnZK6w-qYgr5iP8NBQ1Qukk3vDEyppy5_Z0cIqUWlh0bPVaBcJXEzXVQveHM-bsZPnqBf2ez6PtGBQyRYAtfY/s48/Mechanics.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5-tr-sTa8yUUfAHubPNiYUETWmO-L1TpqkSZBK2hItgiCQ02kYnOrf6Mrmj1PKtcmGo5HMBRpFKMGVUZpLCbFN9305eOOxWk59JHBnZK6w-qYgr5iP8NBQ1Qukk3vDEyppy5_Z0cIqUWlh0bPVaBcJXEzXVQveHM-bsZPnqBf2ez6PtGBQyRYAtfY/s1600/Mechanics.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Mechanics:</b> This branch of physics deals with the motion of objects and the forces that cause that motion. Topics include kinematics (the study of motion without considering the forces causing it), dynamics (the study of motion taking into account the forces causing it), and energy (the ability of a system to do work). Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9pYEvhipMAl2XjHC5B6dPXLL83bfBi5kPtPC1AP9nv_GhmPng-mea1JB838Uh23yW7f9MRmENEPJ7HYC3ufuwtfwIzae58ldC-08G7HEEUc5UwF03IWBdtKYu9ydhq02l-WWDNSZkY0z-LRp-ecbDqWPKzGZkRLalBquHloeoCZo6ff72WRu44b0g/s48/Quantum%20mechanics.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9pYEvhipMAl2XjHC5B6dPXLL83bfBi5kPtPC1AP9nv_GhmPng-mea1JB838Uh23yW7f9MRmENEPJ7HYC3ufuwtfwIzae58ldC-08G7HEEUc5UwF03IWBdtKYu9ydhq02l-WWDNSZkY0z-LRp-ecbDqWPKzGZkRLalBquHloeoCZo6ff72WRu44b0g/s1600/Quantum%20mechanics.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Quantum mechanics:</b> This branch of physics deals with the behavior of matter and energy at a very small scale. Topics include wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, and quantum entanglement. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is Quantum Mechanics?</div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-quantum-entanglement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Quantum Entanglement?</span></a></div><div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div></div></div><div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnSxC1V3Nh3haj-_-UH0VOh9ilettLOmZMQTKfIRn0T65J-melIN4O-Ji7LjtWZoqgdm3gAId91xecLiAkJ9hG_vqGxxI73VBLFqJs2dXH-AGfG75Tnq728MsrhpOofGid7EZ7cyKpEiRTNIGMBSjuve64qtGdUmiWTPXBIlPLIBa_q9kQZ78NYfli/s48/relativity.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnSxC1V3Nh3haj-_-UH0VOh9ilettLOmZMQTKfIRn0T65J-melIN4O-Ji7LjtWZoqgdm3gAId91xecLiAkJ9hG_vqGxxI73VBLFqJs2dXH-AGfG75Tnq728MsrhpOofGid7EZ7cyKpEiRTNIGMBSjuve64qtGdUmiWTPXBIlPLIBa_q9kQZ78NYfli/s1600/relativity.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Relativity:</b> This branch of physics deals with the behavior of objects in motion, particularly at very high speeds or in the presence of very strong gravitational fields. Topics include special relativity, general relativity, and black holes. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/black-holes-in-space.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Black Hole?</span></a></div><div><div>» What is Special Relativity?</div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/general-theory-of-relativity.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is General Relativity?</span></a></div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCR2uwF9_ezWA3pZJJj83jSqYt65PGrWZHEn_FyZbLv7pWhaZ3LMS25qUNxGsyTBzzjbzqOVzTH1A_n2O56-JnWHB2R_zmV1Nm9J9ZEg924LXfpXrdO5mtTOuwtF9d1HFEmrAAOUGDfm6Hjz0-d_q_dsF4-dedfHx3Byqt07lxqOGBpBaqL_kBosB2/s48/Condensed%20matter%20physics.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCR2uwF9_ezWA3pZJJj83jSqYt65PGrWZHEn_FyZbLv7pWhaZ3LMS25qUNxGsyTBzzjbzqOVzTH1A_n2O56-JnWHB2R_zmV1Nm9J9ZEg924LXfpXrdO5mtTOuwtF9d1HFEmrAAOUGDfm6Hjz0-d_q_dsF4-dedfHx3Byqt07lxqOGBpBaqL_kBosB2/s1600/Condensed%20matter%20physics.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Condensed matter physics:</b> This branch of physics deals with the study of the properties of materials in their solid and liquid states. Topics include crystal structures, phase transitions, and superconductivity. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDS4wzZE5rEbUefuQbjalhIrpa8c9uq73Zu3zbx0T_2UCFh0_IJk49j_Bu1b9FrNWkTNk9gJmzZImPCzGqCaAdf3uwop3ytQlUEabU_G4fY0aKU78H6yBSer4WEfSClVOEUtVtFgFf9_8ccg--R5mhcqFJ3vdbgU7-VuxWvVIBh55Rp2NnOUy-ghUN/s43/Astrophysics1.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="43" data-original-width="43" height="43" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDS4wzZE5rEbUefuQbjalhIrpa8c9uq73Zu3zbx0T_2UCFh0_IJk49j_Bu1b9FrNWkTNk9gJmzZImPCzGqCaAdf3uwop3ytQlUEabU_G4fY0aKU78H6yBSer4WEfSClVOEUtVtFgFf9_8ccg--R5mhcqFJ3vdbgU7-VuxWvVIBh55Rp2NnOUy-ghUN/s1600/Astrophysics1.png" width="43" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Astrophysics:</b> This branch of physics deals with the study of the properties and behavior of objects in space, such as stars, galaxies, and black holes. Topics include cosmology, dark matter, and the Big Bang theory. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/black-holes-in-space.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Black Hole?</span></a></div><div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-gravitational-wave.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Gravitational Wave?</span></a></div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div></div><div><div><hr color="#000000;" style="text-align: justify;" width="”40%”" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd10JL9jnY0APbmIpOGHSYOg4Uc_q4-H6uNK1dsyCvt27gdF6hEyQe5xo9QKZYyKXAL4Cc-g6pCSuUXeYAymEpwNGoDVUJkB7t9DIm8QnsoBaCf4xMD6OKuOCbxLmR2bweqZWnMEH6VXYBV0r7JUXqHoHFpG7O_cxHXWglkEsrf3U073kLKjpb-YG8/s48/Electronics.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd10JL9jnY0APbmIpOGHSYOg4Uc_q4-H6uNK1dsyCvt27gdF6hEyQe5xo9QKZYyKXAL4Cc-g6pCSuUXeYAymEpwNGoDVUJkB7t9DIm8QnsoBaCf4xMD6OKuOCbxLmR2bweqZWnMEH6VXYBV0r7JUXqHoHFpG7O_cxHXWglkEsrf3U073kLKjpb-YG8/s1600/Electronics.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Electronics:</b> Electronics is a branch of science that deals with the study of electronic devices, circuits, and systems. This field offers a broad range of fascinating topics, including digital electronics, analog electronics, communication systems, and power electronics. Tutorial links added to this chapter...</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/pn-junction-diode.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is PN Junction Diode?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Diode-types.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What are the Types of Diode?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/01/what-is-multimeter.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Multimeter?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/05/how-to-use-digital-multimeter.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">How to use Digital Multimeter?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Resistor?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What are the Types of Resistors?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Resistor Color Code?</span></a></div><div>» <span style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/What-is-Raspberry-Pi.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Raspberry Pi?</span></a></span></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/how-transistor-work.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">How Transistor Work?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Circuit Breaker?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/How-to-use-a-breadboard.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">How to Use Bread Board?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-arduino.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Arduino?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-a-capacitor.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Capacitor?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-a-transformer.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Transformer?</span></a></div><div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/07/what-is-an-led.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is LED?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-relay.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Relay?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Thevenin-theorem.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Thevenin's Theorem?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/05/what-is-nortons-theorem.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Norton's Theorem?</span></a></div><div><div><div>» What is Superposition Theorem?</div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Fuse?</span></a></div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div><hr color="#000000;" width="”40%”" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin6B0bHOpH2UFSgF-h5TDYIqII9p9zvq35UTcRPgBv82WvNyympgPkashDh1PRR_A8Kgmle-Uo8f7dM5NqKVIlqHkQbbdLRjvRdVdHv_gCcHE3ORbnqZq1NOqGRAu3B3QYGT5j948ZT1LMhkBPgeBxKUdXF1S2_Af4BsZ8-jvruStXSs_2aJjXUFkU/s48/Physics%20Research.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="48" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin6B0bHOpH2UFSgF-h5TDYIqII9p9zvq35UTcRPgBv82WvNyympgPkashDh1PRR_A8Kgmle-Uo8f7dM5NqKVIlqHkQbbdLRjvRdVdHv_gCcHE3ORbnqZq1NOqGRAu3B3QYGT5j948ZT1LMhkBPgeBxKUdXF1S2_Af4BsZ8-jvruStXSs_2aJjXUFkU/s1600/Physics%20Research.png" width="48" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Research & Technology:</b> These are two interdependent fields that have a profound impact on modern society. Research involves the exploration and discovery of new knowledge, while technology is the practical application of that knowledge to develop new products, services, and systems. Research and Technology related links are given below...</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-antimatter.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Anti-matter?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/07/what-is-ai.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/10/types-of-artificial-intelligence.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Types of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/10/artificial-intelligence-history.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">History of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/09/chandrayaan-2.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Chandrayaan-2?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/black-holes-in-space.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Black Hole?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-gravitational-wave.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Gravitational Wave?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-quantum-entanglement.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Quantum Entanglement?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-quantum-computer.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Quantum Computer?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-string-theory.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is String Theory?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-big-bang-theory.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Big Bang Theory?</span></a></div><div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/03/what-is-x-ray.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is X-Ray?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/03/what-is-5g-network.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is 5G Network?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/07/what-is-dark-matter.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Dark Matter?</span></a></div><div>» <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/07/what-is-dark-energy.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">What is Dark Energy?</span></a></div><div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div>» What is </div><div><div>» What is </div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div><hr color="#000000;" width="”40%”" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">These are just some of the major branches of physics, and there are many sub-disciplines and interdisciplinary areas that will be covered later.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxJxaIe0imlvBo_dVSV30TEiTh0BffYvlY-Lx7l12Ko7LCjTNc5msUL5bodywiL9vSzr5SDy_whnKGM-gM-HN0LcwnOAdDvgG0m_ZwnHq5Py3Cb8WJtdL7sO5jBIlrI14YJx9f87_AXr-IDQuSJl7i1yZS2ITpEbeG0tuArPF6djaHV5jObfDYfgt1/s280/updating%203.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="71" data-original-width="280" height="51" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxJxaIe0imlvBo_dVSV30TEiTh0BffYvlY-Lx7l12Ko7LCjTNc5msUL5bodywiL9vSzr5SDy_whnKGM-gM-HN0LcwnOAdDvgG0m_ZwnHq5Py3Cb8WJtdL7sO5jBIlrI14YJx9f87_AXr-IDQuSJl7i1yZS2ITpEbeG0tuArPF6djaHV5jObfDYfgt1/w200-h51/updating%203.gif" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-33461128575238096912023-04-16T13:12:00.008+05:302024-02-26T19:58:53.999+05:30What is an Ammeter? Symbol, Circuit Diagram, Types and Applications<div>Electricity is an essential part of our daily life. Understanding the basics of electrical circuits is very important. One of the most important tools for understanding electrical circuits is an <b>ammeter</b>. In this tutorial, we will discuss what is an ammeter, its circuit diagram, symbol, types, and applications.</div><div><div><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is an Ammeter?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div><div>An <b>ammeter</b> is an electrical device used to measure the flow of <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">electric current</span></a> in a circuit. The unit of measuring current is ampere. As the device measures the current in ampere, it is named as an <b>ammeter</b> or <b>ampere meter</b>. It is usually connected in series with the circuit element (or load). So all the current that flows through the load also flows through the ammeter. </div><div><div><br /></div><div>In an ideal condition, the internal resistance of an ammeter is zero. But practically, it has some amount of internal resistance. So an ammeter has a very low resistance. As a result, it does not significantly affect the circuit it is measuring.</div></div></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOFb0zYXjosuXlcGgR-yokpQt-L-pMQaQJZ0Pz2T8a3SHX6HNlCasjZpYbrt1GKpH6SBuKFggJ2C_QQTAyiPAJpqvdIrcjgdfYKBrpZSYBqEldlphZ8T8RWmrjyVJ60XkVa-vQcVVQaAcTC6CKkLt9hFpsIOpo_uUX_hZzh7G5TE-31SdOsIWS9Owx/s1366/Ammeter.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is an Ammeter? Symbol, Circuit Diagram, Types and Applications" border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="1366" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOFb0zYXjosuXlcGgR-yokpQt-L-pMQaQJZ0Pz2T8a3SHX6HNlCasjZpYbrt1GKpH6SBuKFggJ2C_QQTAyiPAJpqvdIrcjgdfYKBrpZSYBqEldlphZ8T8RWmrjyVJ60XkVa-vQcVVQaAcTC6CKkLt9hFpsIOpo_uUX_hZzh7G5TE-31SdOsIWS9Owx/w640-h306/Ammeter.png" title="What is an Ammeter? Symbol, Circuit Diagram, Types and Applications" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Ammeters are typically designed to measure <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">direct current (DC)</span></a> or <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">alternating current (AC)</span></a>. These days, the work of an ammeter is often done with another device. A versatile device called a <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/01/what-is-multimeter.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">multimeter</span></a> can measure multiple things along with the current.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Symbol of an Ammeter</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>The symbol of an ammeter is a circle with the letter "A" in the center. The circle represents the coil of the ammeter, and the letter "A" represents the unit of measurement, amperes.</div></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd90gz3-ovQL-3bMHF3ZGYMepjmNGhRz4xX97s4AH20HpKxmNqw1AJqLC4NjbgKqyq5afbMTG_8OwZRFWU0USJd5B-GqkUByh-QROc6Ywp93W_44Ua40YhmxK6qvTYRSEP8jgGPQgYqGAI2BHgeS2Yyggnw1YaDjaESrE7s0C1NpwHjHIugvY_l6PW/s1280/ammeter-symbol.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is an Ammeter? Symbol, Circuit Diagram, Types and Applications" border="0" data-original-height="850" data-original-width="1280" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd90gz3-ovQL-3bMHF3ZGYMepjmNGhRz4xX97s4AH20HpKxmNqw1AJqLC4NjbgKqyq5afbMTG_8OwZRFWU0USJd5B-GqkUByh-QROc6Ywp93W_44Ua40YhmxK6qvTYRSEP8jgGPQgYqGAI2BHgeS2Yyggnw1YaDjaESrE7s0C1NpwHjHIugvY_l6PW/w200-h133/ammeter-symbol.png" title="What is an Ammeter? Symbol, Circuit Diagram, Types and Applications" width="200" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>This symbol is commonly used to represent an ammeter on electrical diagrams and schematics. The symbol is important in electrical engineering as it helps to identify and locate ammeters in electrical circuits. Now, let's take a look at the circuit diagram of an ammeter...</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Ammeter Circuit Diagram</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>The construction of an ammeter can be done in two ways: series and parallel. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. They are used in different types of circuits depending on the requirements for the measurement.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_O-1SBwrLC0hb1O6HhS9S9Dq9BllJ8cxvRdHBCQrtQWMQIc_PmL4JHRLqgzneTNgWsy7Xkz-ZT1-S_CxxoXv-uWQCEMiq6ANbIOuki4N8JNe4dHjFjbcNbAbdr8dqNrs79GZ0rI9rgwTlvhaDkRsurbfnvOYuO53dL-8AO95seEIZpB5T8is8HQb9/s1366/Ammeter%20circuit%20diagram.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is an Ammeter? Symbol, Circuit Diagram, Types and Applications" border="0" data-original-height="677" data-original-width="1366" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_O-1SBwrLC0hb1O6HhS9S9Dq9BllJ8cxvRdHBCQrtQWMQIc_PmL4JHRLqgzneTNgWsy7Xkz-ZT1-S_CxxoXv-uWQCEMiq6ANbIOuki4N8JNe4dHjFjbcNbAbdr8dqNrs79GZ0rI9rgwTlvhaDkRsurbfnvOYuO53dL-8AO95seEIZpB5T8is8HQb9/w640-h318/Ammeter%20circuit%20diagram.png" title="What is an Ammeter? Symbol, Circuit Diagram, Types and Applications" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Series Connection: </b>First, let's take a look at the series connection of an ammeter -</div><div><br /></div><div>Series connection involves placing the ammeter in series with the load whose current needs to be measured. This arrangement allows the ammeter to measure the same current that flows through the circuit element. </div><div><div><br /></div><div>Series ammeters are typically constructed with low resistance. That is why it does not significantly affect the current flowing through the circuit element. This type of construction is useful for measuring low currents. It is often used in digital multimeters and other low-current measuring devices.</div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Shunt Connection: </b>Now let's move on to the shunt connection of an ammeter. -</div><div><br /></div><div>Shunt connection involves placing a shunt resistor in parallel with the ammeter to measure the current flowing through the circuit. Most of the current in the circuit flows through the shunt resistor, while a small fraction of the current flows through the ammeter. </div></div><div><br /></div><div>Shunt ammeters are typically constructed with high resistance so that they do not significantly affect the current in the circuit. This type of construction is useful for measuring high currents. It is often used in power meters and other high-current measuring devices.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Note:</b> The symbol G inside the circle is used for the galvanometer, I<span style="font-size: x-small;">g</span> is the current that flows through the galvanometer, and I<span style="font-size: x-small;">s</span> = ( I-I<span style="font-size: x-small;">g</span>) is the shunt current that flows through the shunt.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Types of Ammeters</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>There are several types of ammeters, which are classified based on their construction, range, and accuracy. Some common types of ammeters are Moving Coil Ammeter, Moving Iron Ammeters, and Digital Ammeter. </div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>1. Moving Coil Ammeter:</b> </span></div><div><br /></div><div>Moving coil ammeters are the most common type of ammeter. They use a coil that is suspended on a pivot and is free to rotate. The coil is placed in a magnetic field, and when current flows through it, it rotates. The amount of rotation is proportional to the amount of current flowing through the coil.</div><div><br /></div><div>Moving coil ammeters have a high degree of accuracy. They are commonly used in laboratories, workshops, and other applications</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>2. Moving Iron Ammeter:</b> </span></div><div><br /></div><div>Moving iron ammeters use a movable piece of iron that is attracted to a stationary piece of iron. The movable piece of iron is connected to a pointer, which indicates the amount of current flowing through the circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div>Moving iron ammeters are more stronger than moving coil ammeters and can handle larger currents. They are commonly used in industrial applications and are particularly useful for measuring alternating currents.</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>3. Digital Ammeter:</b> </span></div><div><br /></div><div>Digital ammeters use digital technology to measure the amount of current flowing through a circuit. They are more accurate than analog ammeters and can display the current reading in a digital format.</div><div><br /></div><div>Digital ammeters convert measured current into a digital signal that shows on a digital display. As a result, they are very accurate and easy to read. They are commonly used in automotive, marine, and other mobile applications.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Applications of Ammeters</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Ammeters are used in a wide range of applications, including:</div><div><br /></div><div><b>1. Automotive Applications:</b> Ammeters are commonly used in automobiles to monitor the charging system and to detect any problems that may arise.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>2. Industrial Applications:</b> Ammeters are used in industrial applications to monitor the performance of machinery and to detect any problems that may arise.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>3. Laboratory Applications:</b> Ammeters are used in laboratories to measure the flow of current in experiments and also to monitor the performance of electrical devices.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>4. Household Applications:</b> Ammeters are used in household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, and washing machines to monitor the flow of current and to ensure safe operating conditions.</div></div>
<div><br /></div><div>Continue Reading...</div><div><br /></div>
<div><div class="tvtags"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank">Charge</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank">Current</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank">Voltage</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistance</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistor</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank">Types of resistors</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank">Resistor color code</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank">EMF</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank">Cell</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank">Battery</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank">Alternating current (AC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank">Direct current (DC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank">Short circuit</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank">Types of wires</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank">Ammeter</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Electrical-power.html" target="_blank">Electric power</a>
<a href="#" target="_blank">kWh</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank">Electric fuse</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank">Circuit breaker</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/search/label/Current%20Electricity?&max-results=5" target="_blank">More...</a></span></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div></div><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-43482121298468430752023-04-14T11:56:00.005+05:302024-02-26T19:58:14.556+05:30What are the Differences between Live, Earth, and Neutral Wire?<div><div>One of the most significant innovations of all time is electricity. Nearly everything around us is powered by it, including machines, computers, and lights. However, there are also some risks associated with dealing with electricity.</div><div><br /></div><div>Electrical wiring can be very intricate, especially when it comes to the <b>live</b>, <b>neutral</b>, and <b>earthing wires</b>. Anyone dealing with electricity or just trying to be safe around it needs to understand these electrical wire systems. </div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh74hJRavyoQDv7uX4DYnv-tmRRYJe1VtAuoOIkmJWabpWLd3IWxK8RlAi7VT7rKp4nz377Nc87rgYiD-rjgfiKAE2UMHilF4A8hkwHbq3jSlmO70C6SyksCbncuQPsAy535_2e6N58wODs61GhuffrMVtvjQFYyjUBO46eMqp0UoSOLpzv3uW95J52/s1216/Live,%20Neutral,%20and%20Earthing%20Wires.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What are the Differences between Live, Earth, and Neutral Wire?" border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="1216" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh74hJRavyoQDv7uX4DYnv-tmRRYJe1VtAuoOIkmJWabpWLd3IWxK8RlAi7VT7rKp4nz377Nc87rgYiD-rjgfiKAE2UMHilF4A8hkwHbq3jSlmO70C6SyksCbncuQPsAy535_2e6N58wODs61GhuffrMVtvjQFYyjUBO46eMqp0UoSOLpzv3uW95J52/w400-h175/Live,%20Neutral,%20and%20Earthing%20Wires.png" title="What are the Differences between Live, Earth, and Neutral Wire?" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>So, In this tutorial, we will explore the function of the live, neutral, and earthing wires, as well as how to work with them safely. One of the most dangerous wires in any electrical system is the live wire. So we will start with it.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is a Live Wire?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>An electrical line that is carrying current is referred to as a "<b>live wire</b>". Usually, it is colored black, red, or brown to indicate that it is dangerous. In any electrical system, a live wire is a necessary wire, because it is responsible for carrying electricity from the source to the device being powered. </div><div><br /></div><div>However, handling live wires is extremely risky because touching a live wire can result in electric shock, severe injuries, or even death.</div><div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Why is a Live Wire Dangerous?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>A live wire is dangerous because it always has a current flowing through it. When electricity flows through a live wire, it generates an electric field around the wire. So in case of any contact with the wire, it can give an electric shock to anyone.</div><div><br /></div><div>The intensity of the shock depends on several factors, including - the amount of current flowing through the wire, the length of time the current is applied, and the path of the current through the body.</div><div><br /></div><div>Electric shock can cause a variety of health problems. These can range from burns and muscle contractions to more serious problems such as cardiac arrest or nerve damage. In some cases, electric shock can be extremely dangerous, and even death can happen.</div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>How to Work with a Live Wire Safely</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Working with a live wire requires careful attention to safety protocols to avoid accidents and injury. Some of the key safety considerations when working with a live wire include:</div><div><br /></div><div><b>1. Use proper protective gear:</b> Anyone working with a live wire should wear protective gear, including insulated gloves and footwear, to minimize the risk of electric shock.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>2. Turn off the power:</b> If possible, it is best to turn off the power to the circuit before working on the live wire. This can be done by shutting off the circuit breaker or disconnecting the power source.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>3. Use insulated tools:</b> Any tools used to work with a live wire should be insulated to prevent electric shock. This includes pliers, wire strippers, and screwdrivers.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>4. Avoid touching the wire:</b> It is essential to avoid touching the live wire when working on it. Use insulated tools to manipulate the wire, and make sure that all other conductive objects are far away from it.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>5. Have a partner:</b> It is always best to work with a partner when working with a live wire. This allows one person to handle the wire while the other person is ready to assist in case of an emergency.</div></div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is a Neutral Wire?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>The wire that completes the circuit and carries electricity back to the source is known as the "<b>neutral wire</b>". It typically has a white or blue color. The neutral wire is not dangerous because it does not carry current unless there is a problem with the circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div>At the electrical service panel, the neutral wire is connected to the earth. This provides a low-resistance path for current to flow back to the source. Which helps to protect people and equipment from electrical shock.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Earthing Wire?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>The <b>earth wire</b>, also known as the "<b>ground wire</b>", is an important safety feature in electrical systems. It typically has a green color or a green color with a yellow stripe. The earth wire offers a low-resistance path for current to flow to the earth. Which helps to protect people and equipment from electrical shock.</div><div><br /></div><div>The earth wire is connected to the ground at the electrical service panel and also to any metal parts of the powered equipment. In case of any fault, it provides a path for current to flow to the earth. Which helps to prevent electric shock. The earth wire also helps to protect against lightning and other electrical surges.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Why these wires are important?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><b>Conclusion:</b> Live wires, neutral wires, and earth wires are all important components of an electrical system. Each wire serves a different purpose and is designed to protect people and equipment from electrical shock and other hazards.</div><div><br /></div><div>Live wires are dangerous because they are always carrying current. They should always be handled with caution and should only be worked on by trained professionals.</div><div><br /></div><div>Neutral wires are important because they complete the circuit and carry the electricity back to the source. They are not dangerous unless there is a problem with the circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div>Earth wires are essential for safety. They provide a low-resistance path for current to flow to the earth, which helps to prevent electric shock and other hazards.</div>
<div><br /></div><div>Continue Reading...</div><div><br /></div>
<div><div class="tvtags"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank">Charge</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank">Current</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank">Voltage</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistance</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistor</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank">Types of resistors</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank">Resistor color code</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank">EMF</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank">Cell</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank">Battery</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank">Alternating current (AC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank">Direct current (DC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank">Short circuit</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank">Types of wires</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank">Ammeter</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Electrical-power.html" target="_blank">Electric power</a>
<a href="#" target="_blank">kWh</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank">Electric fuse</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank">Circuit breaker</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/search/label/Current%20Electricity?&max-results=5" target="_blank">More...</a></span></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div></div><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-10199607031523770052023-04-14T11:48:00.009+05:302024-02-26T19:57:23.311+05:30What is an Electrical Short Circuit? Cause, Sign, and PreventionOne of the most amazing inventions of science is electricity. It has revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate with each other. We use electricity in our homes, offices, and factories, so it becomes a very important part of our daily life. <div><br /></div><div>However, electricity can also be dangerous. One of the most significant risks associated with it is the short circuit. So in today's article, we are going to talk about this dangerous but important concept – <b>short circuits</b>.</div><div><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is a Short Circuit?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div>A short circuit is a situation where an electrical current takes an unintended path through a circuit. This can happen when the current bypasses the intended path and creates a direct connection between a <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">live wire and a neutral wire</span></a>. This can result in an excess flow of current, leading to damage, overheating, or even fire.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJnUN0xQAUeA4K0q9ziYg9OhXr_ID-p9oxKS87A_VLa8_G1sdEnBmw8-d_hh3KBrRQqwK-Yxk3YNZRIuHMsqApcrxdmsi7ijCgTUoQe2FG6kMxGB7X1ViVme75mRgV3bfLy_SI9BP698XDmu66wpSwJ82yZ4xBNngq6FfmgTU1EmNXhWnNX6scdjhs/s1366/short-circuit.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is an Electrical Short Circuit? Cause, Sign, and Prevention" border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="1366" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJnUN0xQAUeA4K0q9ziYg9OhXr_ID-p9oxKS87A_VLa8_G1sdEnBmw8-d_hh3KBrRQqwK-Yxk3YNZRIuHMsqApcrxdmsi7ijCgTUoQe2FG6kMxGB7X1ViVme75mRgV3bfLy_SI9BP698XDmu66wpSwJ82yZ4xBNngq6FfmgTU1EmNXhWnNX6scdjhs/w640-h298/short-circuit.png" title="What is an Electrical Short Circuit? Cause, Sign, and Prevention" width="640" /></a></div><div><div><br /></div><div>Short circuits can happen due to various factors such as faulty wiring, an overloaded circuit, or damaged installation (damaged components such as a transistor or a capacitor). </div><div><br /></div><div>Improper installation, exposure to moisture, or extreme heat can also cause short circuits. So it is essential to identify the root cause of a short circuit to prevent it from happening in the future.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Signs of Short Circuits</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Short circuits can be identified by various signs such as </div><div><br /></div><div>1. Flickering lights</div><div>2. Burning smell</div><div>3. Tripped circuit breakers</div><div>4. Blown fuses</div><div>5. Sparks or smoke from electrical outlets or appliances. </div><div><br /></div><div>These signs indicate that there is an excessive flow of current in the circuit and should be addressed immediately to avoid any damage or hazard.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>How to Prevent Short Circuits</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>We can prevent short circuits by proper installation and maintenance of electrical circuits, which includes -</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Hiring a qualified electrician to install and inspect the wiring and components.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Performing regular maintenance and repair of electrical appliances.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Avoiding overloading circuits, and using circuit breakers or fuses as protective devices.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What to Do If You Suspect a Short Circuit</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>If you suspect a short circuit, immediately turn off the power supply and unplug all appliances. Do not attempt to fix the short circuit yourself, as this can be dangerous and can cause injury to you. Instead, call a qualified electrician to inspect and repair the circuit.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>So if you notice any signs of short circuits given above, such as flickering lights, burning smells, or any kind of sparks or smoke from electrical outlets or appliances, take immediate action to prevent any further damage or hazards.</div>
<div><br /></div><div>Continue Reading...</div><div><br /></div>
<div><div class="tvtags"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank">Charge</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank">Current</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank">Voltage</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistance</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistor</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank">Types of resistors</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank">Resistor color code</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank">EMF</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank">Cell</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank">Battery</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank">Alternating current (AC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank">Direct current (DC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank">Short circuit</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank">Types of wires</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank">Ammeter</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Electrical-power.html" target="_blank">Electric power</a>
<a href="#" target="_blank">kWh</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank">Electric fuse</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank">Circuit breaker</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/search/label/Current%20Electricity?&max-results=5" target="_blank">More...</a></span></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div></div><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-78640043589121888362023-04-08T22:28:00.009+05:302024-02-26T19:55:50.348+05:30What is Ohm's Law? Statement, Formulas, and Numericals<b>Ohm's law</b> is one of the most fundamental principles in the field of electrical engineering and physics. This law explains the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. Ohm's law was first discovered and formulated by the German physicist <b>Georg Simon Ohm</b> in the early 19th century. Since then this law has been widely used in various fields. <div><br /></div><div>Understanding Ohm's Law is important for those interested in pursuing a career in the field of electrical engineering or physics. In this article, we will discuss what Ohm's law is, its significance, and how this law can be applied in practical situations. We will also cover various formulas used to calculate voltage, current and resistance values in circuits.<div><div><div><div><div><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Ohm's Law?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div><b>Statement:</b> Ohm's Law states that the current flowing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points, but the temperature and other physical conditions of the conductor remain constant. </div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUbuNJ3RFGIPlTySNOYnNaAKbSAspvzHK72f3wcyVrKPVPcsFNL4CawpGaVi2wrbvwibt1ZVu2KdL5z6tzNJU2ZldtMjrKWwZK5Gyyn1X4OCl1kIJXc6nMc_SsCE2szKV7T09vMXxao4WUFbWrYtnPaBr_qqbb7TarFCA3MZjEjScJqQxX9zBHlenx/s1366/Ohm's%20Law.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Ohm's Law? Statement, Formulas, and Numericals" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1366" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUbuNJ3RFGIPlTySNOYnNaAKbSAspvzHK72f3wcyVrKPVPcsFNL4CawpGaVi2wrbvwibt1ZVu2KdL5z6tzNJU2ZldtMjrKWwZK5Gyyn1X4OCl1kIJXc6nMc_SsCE2szKV7T09vMXxao4WUFbWrYtnPaBr_qqbb7TarFCA3MZjEjScJqQxX9zBHlenx/w640-h360/Ohm's%20Law.png" title="What is Ohm's Law? Statement, Formulas, and Numericals" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>In other words, the greater the voltage applied across a circuit, the greater the current that flows through it. So the mathematical expression of this law is written as</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>V = IR</i></div><div><br /></div><div>Where <i>I</i> is the current flowing through the conductor, <i>V</i> is the voltage across the conductor, and <i>R</i> is the resistance of the conductor.</div><div><br /></div><div>This formula is often used to calculate the voltage across a circuit when the current and resistance are known. Similarly, it is also used to calculate the current flowing through a circuit when the voltage and resistance are known.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>The hydraulic analogy of Ohm's Law</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>The hydraulic analogy of Ohm's Law is a way of visualizing the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit using water flowing through pipes.</div><div><br /></div><div>In this analogy, voltage is represented by the pressure of water, the current is represented by the rate of flow of water, and resistance is represented by the constriction produced by the diameter of the pipes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Just like how the rate of flow of water increases when the pressure is increased, the current in an electrical circuit increases when the voltage is increased. </div><div><br /></div><div>Similarly, just as how the rate of flow of water decreases when the diameter of the pipes is decreased, the current in an electrical circuit decreases when the resistance is increased.</div><div><br /></div><div>Using this analogy, we can clearly understand how Ohm's Law works in an electrical circuit. Just as how the rate of flow of water can be calculated using the pressure and the diameter of the pipes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Similarly, the current flowing through the electrical circuit can also be calculated using the voltage and the resistance.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Formulas to calculate Voltage, Current, and Resistance</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>Below are some simple formulas, which we can use to calculate voltage, current and resistance values in a circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>1. V = IR</i></div><div><br /></div><div>This is the most commonly used formula for Ohm's Law. It states that the voltage (V) across a conductor is directly proportional to the current (I) flowing through the conductor and the resistance (R) of the conductor.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>2. I = V/R </i></div><div><br /></div><div>This formula is a rearrangement of the first formula and states that the current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage (V) applied across the conductor and inversely proportional to the resistance (R) of the conductor.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>3. R = V/I</i></div><div><br /></div><div>This formula is another rearrangement of the first formula and states that the resistance (R) of a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage (V) applied across the conductor and inversely proportional to the current (I) flowing through the conductor.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>4. P = IV</i></div><div><br /></div><div>This formula is used to calculate the power (P) dissipated in a circuit. It states that the power (P) dissipated is equal to the product of the current (I) flowing through the circuit and the voltage (V) applied across the circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>5. P = I²R </i></div><div><br /></div><div>This formula is another way to calculate the power (P) dissipated in a circuit. It states that the power (P) dissipated is equal to the product of the square of the current (I) flowing through the circuit and the resistance (R) of the circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>6. P = V²/R</i></div><div><br /></div><div>This formula is yet another way to calculate the power (P) dissipated in a circuit. It states that the power (P) dissipated is equal to the product of the square of the voltage (V) applied across the circuit and the inverse of the resistance (R) of the circuit.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Limitations of Ohm's Law</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Although Ohm's law is widely applicable and useful, it has some limitations which are as follows:</div><div><br /></div><div><b>1. Non-ohmic materials:</b> Ohm's law applies only to materials that exhibit a linear relationship between voltage and current, such as metals, which are called ohmic. Non-ohmic materials such as diodes, transistors, and capacitors do not obey Ohm's law.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>2. Temperature:</b> The temperature of a conductor can also affect its resistance and therefore, the current flowing through it. As a result, Ohm's Law is only applicable to materials whose temperature remains constant.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>3. Frequency:</b> At high frequencies, the resistance of a conductor can change, and Ohm's Law may no longer be applicable.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>4. Power:</b> Ohm's Law only applies to resistive loads, which dissipate power as heat. It is not applicable to reactive loads, such as capacitors and inductors, which store and release energy.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Ohm’s Law Solved Problems</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Now let's take some numerical to understand Ohms law better -</div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Q1: A circuit has a resistance of 5 ohms and a voltage of 10 volts. What is the current flowing through the circuit?</b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Solution:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Using Ohm's Law, we can calculate the current flowing through the circuit as follows:</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>I = V/R</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>I = 10 V / 5 Ω</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>I = 2 A</i></div><div><br /></div><div>So the current flowing through the circuit is 2 amps.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Q2: A circuit has a resistance of 100 ohms and a current of 0.5 amps. What is the voltage across the circuit?</b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Solution:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Using Ohm's Law, we can calculate the voltage across the circuit as follows:</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>V = IR</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>V = 0.5 A </i><span style="text-align: left;"><i>×</i></span><i> 100 Ω</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>V = 50 V</i></div><div><br /></div><div>So the voltage across the circuit is 50 volts.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Q3: A resistor has a resistance of 30 ohms and is connected to a battery with a voltage of 12 volts. What is the power being dissipated in the resistor?</b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Solution:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Using Ohm's Law and the formula for power, P = VI, we can calculate the power being dissipated in the resistor as follows:</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>I = V/R</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>I = 12 V / 30 Ω</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>I = 0.4 A</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Now, P = VI</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>P = 12 V </i><i style="text-align: left;">×</i><i> 0.4 A</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>P = 4.8 W</i></div><div><br /></div><div>So the power being dissipated in the resistor is 4.8 watts.</div></div></div></div>
<div><br /></div><div>Continue Reading...</div><div><br /></div>
<div><div class="tvtags"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank">Charge</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank">Current</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank">Voltage</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistance</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistor</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank">Types of resistors</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank">Resistor color code</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank">EMF</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank">Cell</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank">Battery</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank">Alternating current (AC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank">Direct current (DC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank">Short circuit</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank">Types of wires</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank">Ammeter</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Electrical-power.html" target="_blank">Electric power</a>
<a href="#" target="_blank">kWh</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank">Electric fuse</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank">Circuit breaker</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/search/label/Current%20Electricity?&max-results=5" target="_blank">More...</a></span></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div></div><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-89861537104845404592023-04-07T13:00:00.006+05:302024-02-26T19:52:49.425+05:30Understanding the Basics of Direct Current (DC): A Comprehensive Guide<div>Electricity is a fundamental force that powers our modern world. From the lights that illuminate our homes to the electronic devices that we use every day, electricity is an essential part of our lives. One of the most common types of electricity is Direct Current (DC). In this article, we will explore the basics of Direct Current (DC) and its various applications.</div><div><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Direct Current (DC)?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div><b>Direct Current (DC)</b> is the flow of <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">electrical charge</span></a> that moves in only one direction. The current in a DC circuit flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">battery</span></a> or power source. DC is produced by sources such as batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells.</div><div><br /></div><div>In a <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">cell</span></a> direct current is produced through a chemical reaction that occurs between two electrodes submerged in an electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution contains ions that allow the flow of electrical charge between the two electrodes.</div><div><div><br /></div><div>In a typical battery, one of the electrodes is made of a metal, such as zinc, and the other electrode is made of a different metal, such as copper. When the two metals are submerged in the electrolyte solution, a chemical reaction occurs, causing the zinc electrode to lose electrons and the copper electrode to gain electrons. This creates an electric potential difference between the two electrodes, causing a flow of electrical charge or current.</div><div><br /></div><div>The current produced in a cell is initially in the form of Direct Current (DC). However, the DC produced in a cell is not always steady, and it can fluctuate depending on various factors such as the resistance of the circuit and the state of charge of the battery.</div><div><br /></div><div>It's worth noting that some cells, such as solar cells, can produce DC directly from light energy without undergoing a chemical reaction. Solar cells are made of semiconductor materials that can convert sunlight directly into electrical energy, which is then produced as DC.</div></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZZL_GqdnRVpK8nWfWbMVp4DMdt5y--oiSPZDtpILF7byYxuD7J1QR3nQ1TbKecQBbtzK8V1baCUTsZUpNU9ejocih_FGbcqVnKqnj4X1nYf0siI3sjQrCdjRNeMYl9eQiDN-w9vV8dZDACvQVmBA_4YGWYJ5MZRjXcV-iHEMm3AePp7UdwKLamKmL/s1366/Direct%20current%20(DC).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Understanding the Basics of Direct Current (DC): A Comprehensive Guide" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1366" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZZL_GqdnRVpK8nWfWbMVp4DMdt5y--oiSPZDtpILF7byYxuD7J1QR3nQ1TbKecQBbtzK8V1baCUTsZUpNU9ejocih_FGbcqVnKqnj4X1nYf0siI3sjQrCdjRNeMYl9eQiDN-w9vV8dZDACvQVmBA_4YGWYJ5MZRjXcV-iHEMm3AePp7UdwKLamKmL/w640-h360/Direct%20current%20(DC).png" title="Understanding the Basics of Direct Current (DC): A Comprehensive Guide" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>There are two types of electric current - direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). In this tutorial we have discussed DC only, in another article we will discuss AC in detail. But for now, we will discuss some differences between AC and DC.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Differences between AC and DC</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current) are the two main types of electrical power used in the world today. Here are five key differences between AC and DC:</div><div><br /></div><div><b>1. Direction of current flow:</b> In DC, the current flows in one direction only, while in AC, the direction of current flow changes periodically. This is because AC voltage alternates between positive and negative polarity, causing the current to reverse its direction at regular intervals.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>2. Voltage and current levels:</b> DC voltage and current levels are generally more constant than AC, which tends to fluctuate due to its changing polarity. This is why DC is often used in applications that require a steady supply of power, such as electronic devices, while AC is used for power transmission and distribution over long distances.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>3. Power transmission and distribution:</b> AC is the preferred method for transmitting and distributing power over long distances because it can be easily stepped up or down using transformers. This reduces losses due to resistance in the transmission lines and makes it more efficient to deliver power to homes and businesses.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>4. Components and devices:</b> Many electrical components and devices are designed to work with either AC or DC power. For example, electric motors typically run on AC, while electronic devices like computers and televisions require DC. This is why power supplies and converters are often needed to convert AC to DC or vice versa.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>5. Safety considerations:</b> DC is generally considered to be safer than AC at the same voltage level because it doesn't cause the same kind of muscular contractions that can occur with AC. However, DC can be more dangerous in certain situations, such as when it is used in high-voltage power systems or when it is not properly grounded. </div><div><br /></div><div>AC can also be dangerous at high voltages and currents, but its changing polarity can make it easier to release a person who has come into contact with it.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Applications of Direct Current (DC)</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Direct Current (DC) has several practical applications in modern technology. Here are five common uses of Direct Current:</div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>1. Battery-powered devices:</b> Many portable electronic devices, such as mobile phones, laptops, and digital cameras, are powered by batteries that produce DC power. DC power is used because it provides a stable and consistent voltage, which is necessary for proper operation of these devices.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>2. Electric vehicles:</b> Electric vehicles (EVs) use DC power to run their electric motors. The DC power is stored in batteries and then used to power the motor. This enables the vehicle to be more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>3. Renewable energy sources:</b> Renewable energy sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines, produce DC power. This power can be used directly for DC applications or converted to AC power using inverters for distribution on the grid.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>4. Telecommunications:</b> DC power is used to power telecommunications equipment, such as cell towers and communication systems. DC power is more reliable than AC power in these applications, as it can be easily controlled and doesn't produce electromagnetic interference.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>5. Industrial applications:</b> DC power is used in various industrial applications, such as electroplating, welding, and electrolysis. These processes require a steady and controlled DC power supply to ensure proper operation.</div></div>
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<div><div class="tvtags"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank">Charge</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank">Current</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank">Voltage</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistance</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistor</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank">Types of resistors</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank">Resistor color code</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank">EMF</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank">Cell</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank">Battery</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank">Alternating current (AC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank">Direct current (DC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank">Short circuit</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank">Types of wires</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank">Ammeter</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Electrical-power.html" target="_blank">Electric power</a>
<a href="#" target="_blank">kWh</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank">Electric fuse</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank">Circuit breaker</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/search/label/Current%20Electricity?&max-results=5" target="_blank">More...</a></span></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div></div><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-82318454415488516872023-04-06T13:58:00.012+05:302024-02-26T19:52:26.860+05:30Understanding the Basics of Alternating Current (AC): A Comprehensive Guide<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Alternating Current (AC)?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div><b>Alternating current (AC)</b> is a type of electrical <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">current</span></a> that is commonly used for powering homes, offices, and factories. Unlike <b>direct current (DC)</b>, which flows in one direction, AC changes direction periodically. So we can define alternating current as follows -</div><div><div><br /></div><div><b>Definition:</b> In an electric circuit, if the direction of current changes periodically at regular intervals of time then the current is called <b>alternating current</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>There are two types of electric current - direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). Before going into the details of alternating current, it will be convenient to discuss a little about the subject of direct current. </div><div><br /></div><div>Further, in this guide, we will cover the basics of alternating current, including its properties, generation, transmission, advantages, history and its impact on modern life.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOQNf_2Af9XOX_9oI8aH3na9zzU7-AniWfE6oE7g7LmUKd4b8_AcS4-JWX2kEwYr4xFLQlA7efjkCRjH7znuc1XCc9nfKHRguKgzmtm-aTZuhJooD-EnWO96lbKE0CfsKgxV7Gw7kjbWzYsb4q9rpeiPXCs9vNPA7Ih4o4UADeGv00tusPkwQ-Bm0x/s1366/Alternating%20Current%20(AC).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Understanding the Basics of Alternating Current (AC): A Comprehensive Guide" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1366" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOQNf_2Af9XOX_9oI8aH3na9zzU7-AniWfE6oE7g7LmUKd4b8_AcS4-JWX2kEwYr4xFLQlA7efjkCRjH7znuc1XCc9nfKHRguKgzmtm-aTZuhJooD-EnWO96lbKE0CfsKgxV7Gw7kjbWzYsb4q9rpeiPXCs9vNPA7Ih4o4UADeGv00tusPkwQ-Bm0x/w640-h360/Alternating%20Current%20(AC).png" title="Understanding the Basics of Alternating Current (AC): A Comprehensive Guide" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Direct current (DC):</b> In a chemical <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">cell</span></a>, the electrical property of the positive and negative terminals remain the same i.e they do not change with time. If the current is sent from this cell to a circuit, then the current always flows in one direction, the direction of flow is never reversed. This type of current is called <b>direct current</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div>But the problem is that electrochemical cells can never produce electricity on a large scale. For example, we use batteries on cell phones that provide direct currents. But to operate heavy machines in industries or household electrical systems we need alternating currents.</div><div><br /></div><div>Also, alternating currents can be transmitted long distances by using a transformer, but direct currents can never be transmitted further. That is why along with the study of direct current it is very important to study the alternating current properly.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Generation of Alternating Current</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>AC is generated using a device called an alternator, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The alternator consists of a rotor, which rotates inside a stator, which is a stationary coil of wire.</div><div><br /></div><div>As the rotor spins inside the stator, it generates a magnetic field that induces a current in the stator. The current produced in the stator is AC.</div><div><br /></div><div>In most power plants, the mechanical energy used to turn the rotor comes from a steam turbine, which is powered by burning fossil fuels, nuclear reactions, or renewable sources such as wind or water.</div></div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Properties of Alternating Current</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>Alternating current is characterized by several properties, including frequency, voltage, waveform, and amplitude.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Frequency:</b> The frequency of AC is the number of cycles per second in an ac sine wave. It is the rate at which the current changes direction per second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz). The standard frequency for AC power supply in most countries is 50 Hz or 60 Hz.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Voltage:</b> The voltage of AC refers to the difference in electrical potential between two points in an electrical circuit. AC voltage is typically measured in volts (V).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Waveform:</b> The waveform of AC refers to the shape of the electrical signal that is produced. The most common waveform for AC is the sine wave. It is a smooth, repetitive curve that oscillates between positive and negative values.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Amplitude:</b> The amplitude of an AC current is the maximum voltage or current reached during each cycle. In the case of AC power, the voltage and current are sinusoidal, which means they follow a sine wave pattern. </div><div><br /></div><div>The peak amplitude is the highest point on the wave. While the root mean square (RMS) amplitude is the effective value of the wave. The RMS amplitude is what is commonly used to measure the voltage or current in AC power.</div></div><div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Mathematical Representation of AC</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>The mathematical representation of AC current is typically expressed as:</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?V(t)=V_{p}sin(2\pi%20ft)" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: avenir, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Where <i>Vp</i> is the peak voltage, <i>f</i> is the frequency in Hertz, and <i>t</i> is the time. This equation represents a sine wave, where the voltage at any given time t is equal to the peak voltage multiplied by the sine of <i>2π</i> times the frequency times the time.</div><div><br /></div><div>Similarly, the mathematical representation of AC current can be expressed as:</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?I(t)=I_{p}sin(2\pi%20ft+\phi%20)" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: avenir, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>where <i>Ip</i> is the peak current, f is the frequency in Hertz, <i>t</i> is the time, and <i>Φ</i> is the phase angle. The phase angle represents the shift in time between the voltage and current waves. These are the important factors in AC power calculations.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>How Alternating Current Motors Work?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>An alternating current (AC) motor works by using the principle of electromagnetic induction to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. There are two kinds of AC motors: induction motors and synchronous motors.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Induction Motors: </b>Induction motors are the most common type of AC motor, and they work on the principle of a rotating magnetic field. The stator of the motor contains a series of electromagnets, which are arranged in a specific pattern to create a rotating magnetic field when an AC voltage is applied. </div><div><br /></div><div>The rotor of the motor consists of a series of conductors arranged in a cylindrical shape, which interact with the rotating magnetic field created by the stator. As the magnetic field rotates, it induces a current in the rotor conductors, creating another magnetic field. </div><div><br /></div><div>The interaction between the two magnetic fields causes a torque to be generated, which rotates the rotor. The speed of rotation is determined by the frequency of the AC voltage and the number of poles in the motor.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Synchronous Motors:</b> Synchronous motors are similar to induction motors but operate at a fixed speed, which is determined by the frequency of the AC voltage and the number of poles in the motor. </div><div><br /></div><div>The rotor of a synchronous motor is made up of permanent magnets, and the stator contains a series of electromagnets that create a rotating magnetic field. The interaction between the two magnetic fields causes the rotor to rotate at a fixed speed, which is synchronous with the frequency of the AC voltage.</div></div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Transmission of Alternating Current</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Once generated, AC is transmitted over long distances using high-voltage power lines. This is because the resistance of a wire increases as the length of the wire increases, which can cause the voltage to drop over long distances. To minimize this voltage drop, AC is transmitted at very high voltages, which can range from 110 kV to 1,200 kV or more.</div><div><br /></div><div>Before it can be distributed to homes and businesses, the voltage of the AC must be stepped down using a transformer. The transformer reduces the voltage to a level that is safe for use in homes and offices, typically between 100 and 240 V.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Advantages of Using Alternating Current in Power Transmission and Distribution</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>AC has several advantages over DC, including:</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>1. Easier voltage transformation:</b> AC can be easily transformed to higher or lower voltages using transformers, which is essential for long-distance power transmission and distribution.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>2. Lower energy loss:</b> AC experiences lower energy loss compared to direct current (DC) due to the skin effect, which causes the current to flow primarily on the surface of the conductor, reducing resistance.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>3. Cost-effective:</b> AC power systems are generally less expensive to build and maintain than DC power systems, particularly for high-voltage applications.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>4. Safety:</b> AC power is safer to use than DC power, as it can be easily switched off using circuit breakers and has less of a tendency to cause electric shocks.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>5. Compatibility with most devices:</b> Most electrical devices, such as appliances and machinery, are designed to operate on AC power, making them more compatible with everyday use.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>6. Power factor correction:</b> AC power allows for power factor correction, which is the process of adjusting the electrical system to minimize reactive power consumption, resulting in increased energy efficiency.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>7. Integration with renewable energy:</b> AC power is more easily integrated with renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, which naturally produce AC power, reducing the need for costly DC-AC conversion equipment.</div></div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>The History of Alternating Current and its Impact on Modern Life</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>The history of alternating current (AC) dates back to the late 19th century when inventors like Nikola Tesla, George Westinghouse, and others developed the technology for practical use.</div><div><br /></div><div>In 1887, Nikola Tesla developed the first AC motor, which became the foundation of the AC power system. George Westinghouse, an American industrialist, recognized the potential of AC power and began developing power stations that would use AC power. </div><div><br /></div><div>In 1893, Westinghouse won a contract to light the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago using AC power, which proved to be a significant turning point in the history of electricity.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the following years, AC power became the preferred method for power transmission and distribution, leading to the development of high-voltage power lines and power grids. This allowed electricity to be transmitted over long distances, making it possible to power entire cities from a single power station.</div><div><br /></div><div>The impact of AC power on modern life is significant. It has revolutionized the way we live and work, making possible a vast range of electrical devices, from light bulbs to computers, that have transformed the way we communicate, learn, and entertain ourselves.</div><div><br /></div><div>AC power has also had a profound impact on industries such as manufacturing, transportation, and healthcare. The ability to transmit electrical power over long distances allowed factories and industries to be located in places where they could access cheap electricity, increasing efficiency and productivity. </div><div><br /></div><div>AC power also made it possible to electrify transportation, from electric trains to electric cars, reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and improving air quality.</div><div><br /></div><div>In healthcare, AC power has enabled the development of sophisticated medical devices and technologies that have saved countless lives, from X-rays to MRI machines to life-support systems.</div></div>
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<div><div class="tvtags"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank">Charge</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank">Current</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank">Voltage</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistance</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistor</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank">Types of resistors</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank">Resistor color code</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank">EMF</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank">Cell</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank">Battery</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank">Alternating current (AC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank">Direct current (DC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank">Short circuit</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank">Types of wires</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank">Ammeter</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Electrical-power.html" target="_blank">Electric power</a>
<a href="#" target="_blank">kWh</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank">Electric fuse</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank">Circuit breaker</a>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-10178726379325698482023-04-04T14:37:00.055+05:302024-02-26T19:50:40.548+05:30What is a Battery? Definition, Types and Working<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is a Battery?</b></span></h1><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Batteries</b> are an essential component of modern life, powering everything from our smartphones and laptops to electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy and stores it for later use. There are many different types of batteries, each with its own strengths and limitations.</div><div><br /></div><div>The most common type of battery is the lithium-ion battery, which is used in most portable electronic devices. These batteries are lightweight and have a high energy density, meaning they can store a lot of energy in a small space. They also have a long lifespan and can be recharged many times before needing to be replaced.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCXbmalq5UCrLXaAHAxMddJb59vQ6koeetBMgWP71dA9XWPHvkF0suPsFy-rZxsdzp9JIvfwPg27C6EYbmSo4n1zpdQX47zuzu8o1rpaF3_jK8YomMGdsF6wDIlaEdm-z7KVdk3amSPbFFwH-5RE48VEMkfWKqoWP1viLruB8HGs_RT3Rqi9A8BKZ_/s1318/what-is-battery.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What are Batteries? Definition, Types and Working" border="0" data-original-height="569" data-original-width="1318" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCXbmalq5UCrLXaAHAxMddJb59vQ6koeetBMgWP71dA9XWPHvkF0suPsFy-rZxsdzp9JIvfwPg27C6EYbmSo4n1zpdQX47zuzu8o1rpaF3_jK8YomMGdsF6wDIlaEdm-z7KVdk3amSPbFFwH-5RE48VEMkfWKqoWP1viLruB8HGs_RT3Rqi9A8BKZ_/w640-h276/what-is-battery.png" title="What are Batteries? Definition, Types and Working" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Another type of battery is the lead-acid battery, which is used in automobiles and other vehicles. These batteries are heavier and have a lower energy density than lithium-ion batteries, but they are much cheaper and have a longer lifespan. They are also more durable and can withstand harsh conditions, making them ideal for use in vehicles.</div><div><br /></div><div>A newer type of battery that is becoming increasingly popular is the solid-state battery. These batteries use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte, which makes them safer and more durable than traditional batteries. They also have a higher energy density than lithium-ion batteries, making them ideal for use in electric vehicles and renewable energy systems.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>How Battery Works?</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>Batteries work by converting chemical energy into electrical energy through a process called the electrochemical reaction. A battery is made up of one or more <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">cells</span></a>, each containing a positive and negative electrode immersed in a chemical solution called the electrolyte solution.</div><div><br /></div><div>The positive electrode is typically made of a metal oxide, while the negative electrode is made of a metal such as zinc or lithium. The electrolyte solution allows charged particles, called ions, to flow between the electrodes and complete the electrochemical reaction.</div><div><br /></div><div>When a battery is connected to an external circuit, such as a device or a vehicle, a chemical reaction occurs between the positive and negative electrodes. This reaction releases electrons, which flow through the external circuit, producing electrical energy.</div><div><br /></div><div>Over time, the chemical reaction depletes the energy stored in the battery, and the battery needs to be recharged or replaced. Recharging a battery involves reversing the chemical reaction that occurs during discharge by applying an external electrical current. This allows the battery to store energy again and be used repeatedly.</div><div><br /></div><div>The amount of energy a battery can store is determined by its capacity, which is measured in ampere-hours (Ah) or watt-hours (Wh). A higher-capacity battery can store more energy and last longer than a lower-capacity battery.</div><div><br /></div><div>Different types of batteries use different materials and chemical reactions to store and release energy. For example, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices because they have a high energy density and long lifespan. Lead-acid batteries are used in vehicles and backup power systems because they are durable and can provide high power output.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Application of Batteries</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div>Batteries have many important applications, and their use is only expected to grow in the coming years. As renewable energy systems become more prevalent, batteries will be essential for storing and distributing the energy generated by solar panels and wind turbines. They will also be key in the development of electric vehicles, which are expected to replace traditional gasoline-powered vehicles in the coming decades.</div><div><br /></div><div>One of the challenges facing battery technology is improving its energy density and reducing its cost. While lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density, they are still relatively expensive to manufacture, which limits their use in large-scale applications. There is also concern about the environmental impact of battery production and disposal, as many batteries contain toxic materials that can be harmful to the environment if not properly disposed of.</div><div><br /></div><div>Despite these challenges, there is a lot of excitement about the potential of batteries to transform the way we live and work. They are a key component of the shift towards renewable energy and the development of electric vehicles, and they have the potential to revolutionize many industries in the coming years. As research and development in battery technology continue to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative and efficient battery systems in the future.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Continue Reading...</div><div><br /></div>
<div><div class="tvtags"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank">Charge</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank">Current</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank">Voltage</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistance</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistor</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank">Types of resistors</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank">Resistor color code</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank">EMF</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank">Cell</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank">Battery</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank">Alternating current (AC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank">Direct current (DC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank">Short circuit</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank">Types of wires</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank">Ammeter</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Electrical-power.html" target="_blank">Electric power</a>
<a href="#" target="_blank">kWh</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank">Electric fuse</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank">Circuit breaker</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/search/label/Current%20Electricity?&max-results=5" target="_blank">More...</a></span></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div></div><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-2396852073931060022023-03-30T15:07:00.026+05:302024-02-26T19:34:47.381+05:30What is an Electric Cell? Definition, Types of Cell<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is an Electric Cell?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div>A <b>cell</b> is a single-unit device in which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. It consists of some chemicals called electrolytes and has two terminals referred to as electrodes.</div><div><br /></div><div>In a cell chemical reaction (oxidation-reduction) happens between the electrodes and the electrolyte frees more electrons in one electrode than it does in the other.</div><div><br /></div><div>The negative terminal (called the anode) gains more electrons while the positive terminal (called the cathode) loses electrons. This exchange of electrons creates a potential difference between the electrodes that allow electricity to flow whenever connected to the outer circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO9wUbfTNCQKsMFJ8vIE0y2zT315HQ6PCuaihavVORafNK_w3jOB2bA9IOn0uZlEW9fhNwRqPWrMuaNeQBPOf5jPkdrN6z_A3h5PgxbWqNegbAMdEL3fCBuqmYcP65JMAJS4Zg0zH2RlhCXGpNjtyM_SFiTgk6PeX7vafUtMZ4Kcs4RLpaTjec-n8o/s1366/electric-cell.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is an Electric Cell? Definition, Types of Cell" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1366" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO9wUbfTNCQKsMFJ8vIE0y2zT315HQ6PCuaihavVORafNK_w3jOB2bA9IOn0uZlEW9fhNwRqPWrMuaNeQBPOf5jPkdrN6z_A3h5PgxbWqNegbAMdEL3fCBuqmYcP65JMAJS4Zg0zH2RlhCXGpNjtyM_SFiTgk6PeX7vafUtMZ4Kcs4RLpaTjec-n8o/w400-h225/electric-cell.png" title="What is an Electric Cell? Definition, Types of Cell" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Battery:</b> A battery is made up of one or more <span>cells</span>, each containing a positive and negative electrode immersed in a chemical solution called the electrolyte solution. So a battery can contain a large number of cells. </div><div><br /></div><div>For example - from a single cell in an AA battery to over 7,100 cells can be packed in an 85 kWh Tesla Model S battery. <a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Read more...</span></a><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Types of Electric Cell</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Based on rechargeable and non-rechargeable performance, electric cells are divided into two categories - primary cells and secondary cells.</div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Primary cell:</b> </div><div><br /></div><div>The primary cell is a type of electric cell that produces electrical energy through irreversible chemical reactions. Since the primary cell involves irreversible chemical reactions, it cannot be recharged. </div><div><br /></div><div>This means it only converts chemical energy into electrical energy during discharging and does not have a charging system in it. Thus, primary cells are designed to be used once and then discarded.</div><div><br /></div><div>A primary cell has a high energy density, so it drains very slowly. The terminal voltage of the primary cell is much lower than the EMF of the cell. Because the internal resistance of a primary cell is very high. </div><div><br /></div><div>This high internal resistance causes a high voltage drop within the cell when current is drawn from it. Inside a primary cell, there is no fluid, so it is also called a <b>dry cell</b>.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>A major advantage of primary cells is their relatively low cost. Primary cells are widely used in remote controls, watches, toys, etc.</div><div><br /></div><div>Example: Leclanche cells and Daniel cells are examples of primary cells.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Secondary cell:</b> </div><div><br /></div><div>The secondary cell is a type of electric cell that produces electrical energy through reversible chemical reactions. That means while discharging it produces chemical energy into electrical energy and while charging it stores the electrical energy in the form of chemical energy. </div><div><br /></div><div>Since the secondary cell involves reversible chemical reactions, it can be recharged. Thus, secondary cells are designed to be used repeatedly by recharging them again and again.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>A secondary cell has a low energy density, so it drains very quickly. The terminal voltage of the secondary cell is almost equal to the EMF of the cell. Because the internal resistance of a secondary cell is very low. </div><div><br /></div><div>This low internal resistance causes a very low voltage drop within the cell when current is drawn from it (while discharging). Inside the secondary cell, the electrolyte is used in liquid form, so it is also called a <b>wet cell</b>.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>The initial cost of a secondary cell is quite more than the primary cells. But In the long term, secondary cells cost less than primary cells. Secondary cells are widely used in mobile phones, digital cameras, and many other electronic devices.</div><div><br /></div><div>Examples: Lead-acid accumulator, Nickel-cadmium, Nickel metal hydride, Lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc are examples of secondary cells.</div><div><br /></div><div>Continue Reading...</div><div><br /></div>
<div><div class="tvtags"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank">Charge</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank">Current</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank">Voltage</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistance</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistor</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank">Types of resistors</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank">Resistor color code</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank">EMF</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank">Cell</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank">Battery</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank">Alternating current (AC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank">Direct current (DC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank">Short circuit</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank">Types of wires</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank">Ammeter</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Electrical-power.html" target="_blank">Electric power</a>
<a href="#" target="_blank">kWh</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank">Electric fuse</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank">Circuit breaker</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/search/label/Current%20Electricity?&max-results=5" target="_blank">More...</a></span></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div></div><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-86299998662286391862023-03-26T18:42:00.011+05:302024-02-26T19:49:50.079+05:30What Is Electromotive Force (EMF)? Definition, Formula, Unit<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What Is Electromotive Force (EMF)?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div><b>Definition:</b> Electromotive force (EMF) is an electric potential or a voltage produced by any source of electrical energy such as an electric generator or a battery. </div><div><br /></div><div>An electric cell or battery is a device in which a constant difference in potential is maintained between the two conductors (called electrodes or terminals) by a chemical reaction. Thus a cell is used as a source of current that continuously provides energy to a circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div>For example, a force must be applied from outside to maintain the flow of water in a pipe. Similarly, a conductor needs something like a force to keep the current flowing. This physical quantity, similar to the force supplied by an electric source, is known as <b>electromotive force</b>. </div><div><br /></div><div>But force and electromotive force are two different physical quantities. Here the term force is somehow misleading because the electromotive force is not actually a force, it is the potential that provides energy to the circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7X-zVGZtR6Ho8cL3SjwNIBU_eoiobJp8krmf8DQIFLv5ax0sZFdyfoxJuZ5n8f1oxs6NQ5iRxh0eWxCpOPncIW6B_eQX1T9i0yASQ4cc52wfzQuC9OSt3zz-preThFO_JB5qgGRtvZkMrmZAfbkrL65nV5TJ3JVngzuT7lDCCDcbGtinidJQWgt1J/s1365/what-is-emf.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What Is Electromotive Force (EMF)? Definition, Formula, Unit" border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="1365" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7X-zVGZtR6Ho8cL3SjwNIBU_eoiobJp8krmf8DQIFLv5ax0sZFdyfoxJuZ5n8f1oxs6NQ5iRxh0eWxCpOPncIW6B_eQX1T9i0yASQ4cc52wfzQuC9OSt3zz-preThFO_JB5qgGRtvZkMrmZAfbkrL65nV5TJ3JVngzuT7lDCCDcbGtinidJQWgt1J/w640-h276/what-is-emf.png" title="What Is Electromotive Force (EMF)? Definition, Formula, Unit" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>The name EMF is retained because of its historical reasons and it is useful to distinguish between the energy that is generated from the source and energy that is lost to resistors.</div><div><br /></div><div>When a charged particle is present in a source, the EMF supplies the particle with kinetic energy which is what drives electric circuits. This energy can then be lost as heat throughout the circuit as the moving current of charges meets electrical resistance. </div><div><br /></div><div>This resistance dictates how much current will flow into the circuit and can be measured by Ohm's law (<i>V = IR</i>). Here <i>V</i> is the voltage across the resistance.</div><div><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Electromotive Force (EMF) of a Cell</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>When a cell is connected in a circuit containing various electrical components, the emf between the terminals causes the charge to flow through the components joined in the circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div>So the emf of a cell is the energy spent (or the work done) per unit charge in taking a positive charge around the complete circuit of the cell (i.e in the circuit outside the cell and in the electrolyte inside the cell).</div><div><br /></div><div>If W work is done in taking a test charge q around the complete circuit of the cell, then e.m.f. of the cell is</div></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\dpi{110}\varepsilon%20=\frac{W}{q}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: avenir, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /></div><div><div><div><br /></div><div>Now let's know about the unit and dimension of the electromotive force.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Unit & Dimension of EMF?</b></span></h2><div><div><br /></div><div><b>SI unit for Electromotive Force:</b> The SI unit for electromotive force is Joules/Coulomb or Volt (V).</div><div><br /></div><div>Numerically EMF is expressed as the number of Joules of energy given by the source divided by each Coulomb of charge to enable a unit electric charge to move across the circuit.</div><div> </div><div><b>Dimension of Electromotive Force:</b> As we already know EMF is the ratio of work done on a unit charge, so</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\dpi{110}Dimension%20\;of%20\;EMF\;=\frac{Dimension\;of\;Work}{Dimension\;of%20\;Charge}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: avenir, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\dpi{110}=\frac{M^{1}L^{2}T^{-2}}{IT}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: avenir, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Therefore, the dimension of the EMF is M¹L²T⁻³I⁻¹.</div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Factors affecting the emf of a cell</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>The emf of a cell is the characteristic that is different for different kinds of cells. For example, the emf of a voltaic cell is 1.08 volts, for a Leclanche cell it is 1.5 volts and for Danielcell it is 1.08 volts.</div><div><br /></div><div>The emf of a cell depends on the following two factors:</div><div><br /></div><div>(i) the material of the electrodes, and</div><div>(ii) the electrolyte used in the cell.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Note:</b> The emf of a cell does not depend on the shape of electrodes, the distance between the electrodes, and the amount of electrolyte in it. And also the emf of a cell does not depend on the amount of current drawn from the cell.</div></div><div><br /></div></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>EMF and Terminal Voltage</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Electromotive Force:</b> When no current is drawn from the source (cell or battery), the voltage between the electrodes of the source is called its electromotive force. </div><div><br /></div><div>It is an open-circuit voltage and independent of the resistance of the electrical circuit. But it is dependent on the internal resistance of the circuit. </div><div><br /></div><div>Actually, internal resistance is the resistance offered by electrolytes inside the cell. For this internal resistance, some amount of voltage drops happen.</div><div><br /></div><div>If we consider <i>I</i> as the current drawn from the cell and <i>r</i> as internal resistance then the voltage drop <i>v = Ir</i>. Now if <i>V</i> is the terminal voltage then the emf of the cell is</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\dpi{110}\varepsilon%20=%20V+v=IR+Ir=I\left%20(%20R+r%20\right%20)" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: avenir, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Where <i>ε</i> is the emf and <i>R</i> is the resistance of the circuit.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Terminal voltage:</b> When current is drawn from the source (cell or battery), the voltage between the electrodes of the source is called it's terminal voltage. </div><div><br /></div><div>It is a closed-circuit voltage and is dependent on the resistance of the electrical circuit. If <i>I</i> is the current flow through the circuit and R is the resistance of the circuit then terminal voltage <i>V = IR</i>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Therefore the formula for the terminal voltage with emf is </div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\dpi{110}V=\varepsilon%20-v=\varepsilon%20-Ir" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: avenir, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>When a larger current is drawn from the cell, a greater number of charge carriers flow through the electrolyte. </div><div><br /></div><div>Hence more work is done for moving the charges from one electrode to the other through the electrolyte, so more is the voltage drop v and therefore less is the terminal voltage.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thus, the terminal voltage of a cell depends on the amount of current drawn from the cell.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Difference between EMF and Voltage</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>There is a difference between EMF and voltage -</div><div><br /></div><div>One of the major differences is voltage causes current to flow between two points where EMF is the energy supplied to the charge.</div><div><br /></div><div>EMF maintains the potential difference or voltage between two electrodes i.e EMF has constant intensity with a higher magnitude where the intensity of voltage is lower than EMF and it is non-constant.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>The EMF on any source is measured by using a potentiometer where the voltage in an electric circuit is measured by a voltmeter.</div><div><br /></div><div>Continue Reading...</div><div><br /></div>
<div><div class="tvtags"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank">Charge</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank">Current</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank">Voltage</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistance</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistor</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank">Types of resistors</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank">Resistor color code</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank">EMF</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank">Cell</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank">Battery</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank">Alternating current (AC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank">Direct current (DC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank">Short circuit</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank">Types of wires</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank">Ammeter</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Electrical-power.html" target="_blank">Electric power</a>
<a href="#" target="_blank">kWh</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank">Electric fuse</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank">Circuit breaker</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/search/label/Current%20Electricity?&max-results=5" target="_blank">More...</a></span></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div></div><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-73289890394848370652023-03-18T16:12:00.013+05:302024-02-26T19:42:36.018+05:30What is Voltage? Definition, Formula and Unit<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Voltage?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div><b>Definition:</b> Voltage (also known as the potential difference, electromotive force, electric pressure, or electric tension) is the difference in electric potential between two points for which it pushes current around the circuit. </div><div><br /></div><div>If you are a little bit confused by the definition, then let's look at the hydraulic or heat analogy to understand it better -</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSMEPbFdeGaH6tZ8HkOCeylC-INV3-GC6VpvYj4NOoFLIpoybp4wmjoBy8_UmgPfSENktm9uOyxxG7MVswBfLlaKSXxp_uLwE56PYU2Dn4mARJqYdtUyzmH5pyiBSWy3mEmnEwauWpiuNdye30_ufYAR31ZGybtsYJo1WD6NfNZenjIr172gsA728p/s1366/what-is-voltage.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Voltage? Definition, Formula and Unit" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1366" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSMEPbFdeGaH6tZ8HkOCeylC-INV3-GC6VpvYj4NOoFLIpoybp4wmjoBy8_UmgPfSENktm9uOyxxG7MVswBfLlaKSXxp_uLwE56PYU2Dn4mARJqYdtUyzmH5pyiBSWy3mEmnEwauWpiuNdye30_ufYAR31ZGybtsYJo1WD6NfNZenjIr172gsA728p/w640-h360/what-is-voltage.png" title="What is Voltage? Definition, Formula and Unit" width="640" /></a></div><div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>hydraulic analogy:</b> If we connect two tanks with the same water level by a pipe, we see that there is no water flow. But if we take two tanks with different water levels, we see that water flows from the higher water level to the lower one. </div><div><br /></div><div>The difference in water level makes water pressure for which the water flows from one tank to other. If we continue these analogies we see the current is similar to water flow, where water pressure indicates the voltage or electrical potential difference.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Heat analogy:</b> Again from heat analogy we see - if there is a temperature difference between two objects connected by a thermal conductor, heat flows from the object of higher temperature to the object of lower temperature. </div><div><br /></div><div>Here the temperature difference makes the heat flow from the hotter object to the cooler one. If we continue these analogies we see the current is similar to heat flow, where the temperature difference between the objects indicates the voltage or electrical potential difference.</div><div><br /></div><div>Similarly, if two charged objects have a potential difference and are connected by a conductor, a positive charge flows from the higher potential object to the lower one. This charge flow from conductor to conductor does not depend on the total charge of the two conductors. </div><div><br /></div><div>It depends on the electrical condition of the two conductors. This electrical state of the object is called electrical potential or voltage. </div></div></div><div><div><br /></div><div>So, voltage is the state of two charged objects having a potential difference that indicates the flow of charge from one object to another when they are connected to each other.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Formulas of Voltage</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>The amount of work required to move a single positive charge from one point to another in an electric field is a measure of the potential difference.</div><div><br /></div><div>If we symbolized voltage as <i>V</i>, work done as <i>W</i>, and charge as <i>q</i>, then the voltage</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?\small%20V=\frac{W}{q}\to%20(1)" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: avenir, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>So, Voltage = Work/Charge </i></div><div><br /></div><div>We find the voltage, current, and resistance relationship from <b>Ohm's law</b>. From this law, we find a mathematical representation of voltage as follows</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\small%20\dpi{110}V=IR\to%20(2)" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: avenir, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><i>So, Voltage = Current x Resistance</i></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Where <i>V</i> is the voltage, <i>I</i> is the current and <i>R</i> is the resistance.</div><div><br /></div><div>Voltage is also related to power and current and the relationship is as follows</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.image?\small%20\dpi{110}V=\frac{P}{I}\to%20(3)" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: avenir, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>So, Voltage = Dissipated Power/Current</i></div><div><br /></div><div>Now let's know about the SI and CGS unit of voltage.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Unit of Voltage</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div><b>SI Unit of Voltage:</b> The SI unit of voltage is <i>Joule/Coulomb (J/C) or Volt (V)</i>.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>1 Volt:</b> If 1J of work is required to bring a positive charge of 1C from an infinite distance to a point in an electric field, the potential at that point is called 1V.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>CGS Unit of Voltage:</b> The CGS unit of voltage is e<i>rg/statcoulomb or statvolt (statV)</i>. </div><div><br /></div><div>1 statvolt is equal to 299.792458 volts.</div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Difference between EMF and Voltage</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>There is a difference between EMF and voltage -</div><div><br /></div><div>One of the major differences is voltage causes current to flow between two points where EMF is the energy supplied to the charge.</div><div><br /></div><div>EMF maintains the potential difference or voltage between two electrodes i.e EMF has constant intensity with a higher magnitude where the intensity of voltage is lower than EMF and it is non-constant.</div><div><br /></div><div>The EMF on any source is measured by using a potentiometer where the voltage in an electric circuit is measured by a voltmeter.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Continue Reading...</div><div><br /></div>
<div><div class="tvtags"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank">Charge</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank">Current</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank">Voltage</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistance</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistor</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank">Types of resistors</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank">Resistor color code</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank">EMF</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank">Cell</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank">Battery</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank">Alternating current (AC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank">Direct current (DC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank">Short circuit</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank">Types of wires</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank">Ammeter</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Electrical-power.html" target="_blank">Electric power</a>
<a href="#" target="_blank">kWh</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank">Electric fuse</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank">Circuit breaker</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/search/label/Current%20Electricity?&max-results=5" target="_blank">More...</a></span></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div></div><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-20596719455403444592023-03-16T22:03:00.018+05:302024-02-26T19:41:01.360+05:30What is Electric Current? Definition, Unit and Types<div><div><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>What is Electric Current?</b></span></h1><div><br /></div><div><b>Definition:</b> The amount of electric charge flowing through any cross-section of a conductor per second is called electric current. </div><div><br /></div><div>If you are a little bit confused by the definition, then let's look at the hydraulic or heat analogy to understand it better -</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>hydraulic analogy:</b> If we connect two tanks with the same water level by a pipe, we see that there is no water flow. But if we take two tanks with different water levels, we see that water flows from the higher water level to the lower one. </div><div><br /></div><div>The difference in water level makes water pressure for which the water flows from one tank to other. If we continue these analogies we see the current is similar to water flow, where water pressure indicates the voltage or electrical potential difference.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Heat analogy:</b> Again from heat analogy we see - if there is a temperature difference between two objects connected by a thermal conductor, heat flows from the object of higher temperature to the object of lower temperature. </div><div><br /></div><div>Here the temperature difference makes the heat flow from the hotter object to the cooler one. If we continue these analogies we see the current is similar to heat flow, where the temperature difference between the objects indicates the voltage or electrical potential difference.</div><div><br /></div><div>Similarly, if two charged objects have a potential difference and are connected by a conductor, a positive charge flows from the higher potential object to the lower one. This flow of positive charge through any cross-section of a conductor per second is called <b>electric current</b>.</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8FKKThiEXuyYKJNfMJ4Nf26hx-igdqIR6rNQxcppBVMnVTsaJagwFPuURT1VHvUtQqm0JMwFgEbM6ZwK0zUrhMtXsiEdfS1xFhftuLQN2cn8baPDKRTjm1G1UWSJW9LhzBnpoM29-OJa8XRfojTmq9cdXo1USk0_adDxw2mj2WJAN94P7Q6gpNEXr/s1366/electric-current.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Electric Current? Definition, Unit and Types" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1366" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8FKKThiEXuyYKJNfMJ4Nf26hx-igdqIR6rNQxcppBVMnVTsaJagwFPuURT1VHvUtQqm0JMwFgEbM6ZwK0zUrhMtXsiEdfS1xFhftuLQN2cn8baPDKRTjm1G1UWSJW9LhzBnpoM29-OJa8XRfojTmq9cdXo1USk0_adDxw2mj2WJAN94P7Q6gpNEXr/w640-h360/electric-current.png" title="What is Electric Current? Definition, Unit and Types" width="640" /></a></div><div><div><b>Direction of current flow: </b></div><div><br /></div><div>Sometimes there is a lot of confusion surrounding conventional current flow and electron flow. So let's clear this confusion first. According to the conventional current flow current always flows from the positive to the negative terminal of the source in a circuit and indicates the direction in which positive charges would flow.</div><div><div><br /></div><div>Where the electron flow is from the negative to the positive terminal of the source in a circuit. Electrons are negatively charged and are therefore attracted to the positive terminal like opposite charges attract each other.</div></div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Units of Electric Current</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>If we symbolized electric current as <i>I</i>, electric charge as <i>Q</i>, and time as <i>t</i>, then the electric current</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?I=\frac{Q}{t}" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: avenir, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>SI Unit of electric current:</b> From the above relation we find the SI unit of electric current is <b>coulomb/second (C/s)</b> or <b>Ampere (A)</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>1 Ampere:</b> If 1 coulomb of charge flows through any cross-section of a conductor in 1 second, the current flowing through the conductor is known as 1 ampere (1 A).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>CGS Unit of electric current:</b> The CGS Unit of electric current is <b>abampere (abA)</b>, also called <b>biot (Bi)</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>1 Abampere:</b> If 1 emu (electric multiple units) of charge flows through any cross-section of a conductor in 1 second, the current flowing through the conductor is known as 1 Abampere (1 abA).</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Current is a <b>scaler quantity</b>, but it has a magnitude and a direction. So, why current is a scalar, not a vector quantity, despite its direction?</div><div><br /></div><div>The thing is a vector always obeys the law of addition of vectors. Since current doesn't obey it and it follows algebraic addition, that is why current is a scalar, not a vector.</div></div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Types of Electric Current</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Depending on how the current flows, there are two types of electric current - alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC).</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgErukUvhSQU_7jEe0zqLW3QiFDsb7ANrWBtzTE_n5vT3PWRuO60-iZ4mwGtq5-O5TkmRFJO3PuuF7q33nhDF0gPewnSMfVxogOkOiceZclvyo-gOYF8nOma2YoTa1GuitdyopT9W6t_jFtlp8QuX42ojgkU9mW4XPc_PYnXnTi0ZKMP9n6yUjz20zc/s1365/ac-and-dc-current-sources.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Electric Current? Definition, Unit and Types" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1365" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgErukUvhSQU_7jEe0zqLW3QiFDsb7ANrWBtzTE_n5vT3PWRuO60-iZ4mwGtq5-O5TkmRFJO3PuuF7q33nhDF0gPewnSMfVxogOkOiceZclvyo-gOYF8nOma2YoTa1GuitdyopT9W6t_jFtlp8QuX42ojgkU9mW4XPc_PYnXnTi0ZKMP9n6yUjz20zc/w640-h282/ac-and-dc-current-sources.png" title="What is Electric Current? Definition, Unit and Types" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Alternating current (AC):</b> If the direction of current flow through a conductor reverses i.e. changes periodically, then it is called alternating current. Some sources of alternating current are hydroelectric power plants, thermal power generators, nuclear power generators, AC generators, etc.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Direct current (DC):</b> If current flows continuously in the same direction through a conductor, then it is called direct current. Some sources of direct current are cells, Batteries, DC generators, solar cells, etc.</div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Effects of Electric Current</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>There are three important effects we can see when current passes through a conductor - The Heating Effect, the Magnetic Effect, and the Chemical Effect of Electric Current.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Heating Effect of Electric Current:</b> </div><div><br /></div><div>When electricity passes through a conductor, heat is generated in the conductor. This is known as the heating effect of electric current.</div><div><br /></div><div>This heating effect can be determined by using the following equation -</div></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="equation" id="output" src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?H=I^{2}Rt" style="box-sizing: content-box; font-family: avenir, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Where <i>H</i> indicates the amount of heat. <i>I </i>show the amount of electrical current supplied. <i>R</i> is the amount of electric resistance exerted by the conductor. <i>t</i> denotes the time for which the appliance is operated.</div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Magnetic Effect of Electric Current:</b> </div><div><br /></div><div>When electricity passes through a conductor, a magnetic field is built up around the conductor. This is known as the magnetic effect of electric current.</div><div><br /></div><div>We can easily observe this when we place a compass close to a wire carrying a reasonably large direct current, and the compass needle deflects.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Chemical Effect of Electric Current:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>When an electric current flows through a conductive solution, it causes a chemical reaction. This is called the chemical effect of electric current. </div><div><br /></div><div>As a result of the chemical effects of the electric current – gas bubbles may form at the electrodes, metal deposits may appear on the electrodes, and the color of the solution may change.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Continue Reading...</div><div><br /></div>
<div><div class="tvtags"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2022/03/what-is-electric-charge.html" target="_blank">Charge</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-current.html" target="_blank">Current</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/what-is-voltage.html" target="_blank">Voltage</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistance</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2020/02/what-is-resistor.html" target="_blank">Resistor</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/resistor-types.html" target="_blank">Types of resistors</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/07/Resistor-color-code.html" target="_blank">Resistor color code</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electromotive-force.html" target="_blank">EMF</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/03/electric-cell.html" target="_blank">Cell</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/what-is-a-battery.html" target="_blank">Battery</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/alternating-current.html" target="_blank">Alternating current (AC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/direct-current.html" target="_blank">Direct current (DC)</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/ohms-law.html" target="_blank">Ohm's law</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/short-circuit.html" target="_blank">Short circuit</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire.html" target="_blank">Types of wires</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2023/04/Ammeter.html" target="_blank">Ammeter</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2024/02/Electrical-power.html" target="_blank">Electric power</a>
<a href="#" target="_blank">kWh</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2021/01/what-is-fuse.html" target="_blank">Electric fuse</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/2019/08/Circuit-breaker.html" target="_blank">Circuit breaker</a>
<a href="https://www.atlearner.com/search/label/Current%20Electricity?&max-results=5" target="_blank">More...</a></span></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div><div class="tvtags"><br /></div></div><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4133941230371478820.post-41650077138646079632023-02-20T11:27:00.007+05:302024-02-26T19:10:51.518+05:30What is Reflection of Light? Definition, Types, and Laws of Reflection<div>🤔 Have you ever wondered why we can see our image in a flat mirror? </div><div><br /></div><div>It happens because of the <b>reflection of light</b>. Light has several properties, reflection is one of them. For this reflection, we are able to see the different objects around us. So in today's lesson, we are going to explore the reflection property of light in detail.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Reflection of Light</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>When a beam of light is incident on a surface, a part of it is returned to the same medium. The return of light into the same medium after striking the surface is called reflection. The remaining part of the light is either absorbed or partly transmitted through the medium.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Definition:</b> <i>When light rays fall on a smooth surface (or a reflector) and return to the same medium, then the phenomenon is called the <b>reflection of light</b></i>. </div><div><br /></div><div>The surface from which light is reflected is called a <b>reflector</b>. The ray that falls on the reflector is called the <b>incident ray</b>. The ray that bounces back from the reflector is called the <b>reflected ray</b>. </div><div><br /></div><div>The point where the light ray hits the reflector is called the <b>point of incidence</b>. If we draw a perpendicular on that, then it would be called the <b>normal</b>. </div><div><br /></div><div>The geometric figure given below shows the reflection of a laser beam of light in a plane mirror.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1fknG-krGVlLf4t_AR1T9A-7anZdX7tPJ80PKtZJOU1kYUUSrov3mW6dHF5eJaG25WfTUwfGBqbKp58TlbByD-LA9Ioi3FiCu523NauOvNqd5JFjtGUdvupxMUOdIF_KwbakL2gXuESZQWTRhovMQvsycZYDKRjHBRbdiXyUI9Q6jzgFV4-8nGPY6/s1366/reflection%20of%20light.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Reflection of Light" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1366" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1fknG-krGVlLf4t_AR1T9A-7anZdX7tPJ80PKtZJOU1kYUUSrov3mW6dHF5eJaG25WfTUwfGBqbKp58TlbByD-LA9Ioi3FiCu523NauOvNqd5JFjtGUdvupxMUOdIF_KwbakL2gXuESZQWTRhovMQvsycZYDKRjHBRbdiXyUI9Q6jzgFV4-8nGPY6/w640-h360/reflection%20of%20light.png" title="Reflection of Light" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Now let's understand the laws of reflection...</div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Laws of Reflection</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>Wherever reflection occurs on a surface, it obeys two laws, called the laws of reflection.</div><div><br /></div><div>(ⅰ) The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection. </div><div><br /></div><div>(ⅰⅰ) The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.</div><div><br /></div><div>Here, the <b>angle of incidence (<i>i</i>)</b> is the angle between the incident ray and the normal. And the <b>angle of reflection (<i>r</i>)</b> is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Types of Reflection</b></span></h2><div><br /></div><div>There are usually two types of reflection - regular reflection and irregular reflection. Here is a brief discussion about them.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZFmmRQf6HaeWMsWF-tTsgnngt4SeNCQPZGwiChvKiihC6MLLIiMRm3vYupoccDcBCk-RALjjlCNM5KehKYTpv-pAXXtYPSYv3jyZro1YDT8Car87zqBZTQrfTGV1Xzu38xcT926sd7m_1CUpAwHYzH3rvq9oiXE14do6YywAc0aL9GmmGdOTY80cq/s1365/types%20of%20reflection.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of Reflection" border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="1365" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZFmmRQf6HaeWMsWF-tTsgnngt4SeNCQPZGwiChvKiihC6MLLIiMRm3vYupoccDcBCk-RALjjlCNM5KehKYTpv-pAXXtYPSYv3jyZro1YDT8Car87zqBZTQrfTGV1Xzu38xcT926sd7m_1CUpAwHYzH3rvq9oiXE14do6YywAc0aL9GmmGdOTY80cq/w640-h312/types%20of%20reflection.png" title="Types of Reflection" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>• Regular Reflection:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>When a parallel beam of light rays is incident on a smooth and polished surface, the reflected beam is also parallel and is in a fixed direction. This type of reflection is known as regular reflection or specular reflection. </div><div><br /></div><div>This reflection only occurs when a beam of light falls on a smooth and polished surface (like a mirror). For this regular reflection, we can see our clear image in the mirror.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>• </b><b>Irregular Reflection:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>When a parallel beam of light rays is incident on a rough and non-polished surface, the reflected rays are not parallel they are reflected in different directions. This type of reflection is known as irregular reflection or diffused reflection.</div><div><br /></div><div>This reflection occurs when a beam of light falls on a rough and non-polished surface (like a wall, wood, paper, etc). In irregular reflection, we can't see image formation.</div><div><br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0